Daily Cycling Facts 23.04.2013

Louis Trousselier, 1905

Paris-Roubaix took place on this day in 1905,  won by Louis Trousselier when he finished in 8h4'20" with an advantage of 7' over 2nd place René Pottier. Later that year, Trousselier would also win the Tour de France and thus become the first rider to enjoy victory in both races in a single season (Pottier won the Tour a year later). Trou-Trou, as he was known to his fellow riders, was the exception to the rule that successful cyclists were "hungry boys from poor backgrounds" who rode bikes because, like working class Londoners and boxing, it was the only way they could escape poverty - he came from a wealthy family that owned a flower merchant business in Paris; which explains the nickname Henri Desgrange gave him, "The Florist" (which is somehow far more chilling than any Shark, Cannibal or Deathrider). The Florist died one day after the anniversary of his Paris-Roubaix victory in 1939 (and for that reason, we'll have much more information about him and his life in the Daily Cycling Facts tomorrow).

67 years later, another Classic took place on this day - the 36th edition of La Flèche Wallonne in 1972. It ran for 249.5km (the longest parcours since 1947) between Verviers and Marcinelle and the winner was the Cannibal himself,  Eddy Merckx, who then won Liège-Bastogne-Liège a few days later to become the third man to win the Ardennes Double. In 2003, the 67th edition also fell on this date. That year, it ran over 199.5km between Charleroi and Huy and was won by Igor Astarloa, the first Basque rider to achieve victory in this race. The 72nd edition, which took place in 2008, was the last time that the race fell on this date. It ran again between Charleroi and Huy and used a very similar route, once again measured at 199.5km, and it was won by Kim Kirchen whose career ended two years later when he suffered a heart attack during the Tour de Suisse.

Nicole Cooke
(image credit: Gsl CC BY-SA 2.5)

The sixth edition of La Flèche Wallonne Féminine took place on this day in 2003, starting and finishing at the same points as the men's race but taking a different route in between to reduce distance to 97.5km. It was won by Welsh rider Nicole Cooke, who was destined to win on two more occasions in the future and therefore equal the men's record of three victories. Since 1999, the race had formed part of the UCI Women's Road World Cup - and that year, Cooke won that as well. For the eleventh edition in 2008, the format differed - rather than running between the same towns as the men's event, the race both started and ended at Huy. The winner, for a second consecutive year, was the Dutch superstar Marianne Vos, who would go on to top Cooke's achievement and smash the men's record with an astonishing five victories by 2013.

The Vuelta a Espana has started on this date five times - in 1969, 1970, 1974, 1985 and 1987. The 1969 edition was unusually short at "just" 2,921.4km, which were covered in 18 stages. Frenchman Roger Pingeon won and would have won the Tour de France that year too had it not have been for Eddy Merckx. In fifth place was Michael Wright, the English rider who didn't speak English - soon after Wright's birth in Bishop's Stortford, his father was killed during the Second World War. His mother later remarried to a Belgian soldier and the family relocated to Liège. It took some time for the Belgian love of cycling to take hold, however: he had originally wanted to be a footballer and it was only when his stepfather died that he switched to cycling in order to be able to support his mother and siblings.

1970 was extended to 19 stages and covered 3,568km and Agustín Tamames emerged from nowhere to announce himself as a future great - in his very first Vuelta, he led all the way until the Stage 19b individual time trial where Luis Ocaña took the overall victory. Tamames would win five years later. 1974 was another comparatively short edition, the 19 stages covering 2,987km. The winner was José Manuel Fuente, a highly respected climber who also won in 1972 and took the King of the Mountains four times altogether. Just a year later, still seemingly at the height of his powers, he would be forced to retire with the kidney disease that killed him in 1996.

Robin Morton
(unknown copyright)

1985 saw 19 stages and 3,474km, and would prove to be an interesting edition for three reasons. Firstly, a Soviet team participated for the first time, it being very unusual in those times for Soviet athletes to take part in any non-amateur sporting events. Secondly, a US-based team took part for the first time - the Rank Xerox-sponsored Philadelphia Lasers; a team that also earned their place in history by being the first men's professional cycling team to be owned and managed by a woman, Robin Morton. The Grand Tours remain a male-dominated world, but in those days Morton faced some obstacles that seem ridiculous today - as an example, there was a UCI rule that banned women from the "caravan" of cars that follows the race and as a result the directors of each race her team entered would take a vote before the event took place to decide whether or not she would be permitted to follow the race in the team car. Thirdly, 1985 very nearly saw the first British victory. Scotsman Robert Millar took the lead in Stage 10 and, phenomenal climber that he was, retained it until the penultimate edition when it seemed that only the Colombian Francisco Rodríguez had a hope of getting anywhere near him. The two men were together when Millar had a puncture, but when they began working to catch up with the Pedro Delgado-led lead group Rodriguez's (Spanish) team manager ordered him to give up his own chances by refusing to help the Scotsman. Millar soon found himself surrounded by riders from various Spanish teams who seemed dedicated in holding him back and, as a result, Delgado took the race leadership and eventually won overall. The incident remains controversial today, and many people suspect there was a collusion between the Spanish teams.

1987 covered 3,921km in 22 stages. Irishman Sean Kelly, one of the favourites, won two stages, wore the gold race leader's jersey for four and looked very much as though he was going to win his first Grand Tour until he was forced to abandon with a painful boil on his perineum during Stage 19. Laurent Fignon won the stage, but the Colombian Luis Herrera took over the leadership and won the race overall - the first ever Grand Tour victory by a South American rider.

Tony Martin

Tony Martin
(image credit: Petit Brun CC BY-SA 2.0)

Born in Cottbus, East Germany on this day in 1985, Tony Martin was four years old when his family escaped to the West - just a short while before the unthinkable happened and the Berlin Wall fell. Ironically, he would later return to what had been the Deutsche Demokratische Republik some years later when he won a place at a specialist sports academy in Erfurt.

Martin won the National Junior Individual Time Trial title in 2003 and rode with the winning Team Pursuit squad ain the Team Pursuit Championship a year later. He joined  Gerolsteiner as a trainee in August 2005, then moved on to Thüringer Energie for the next two seasons during which we won the Under-23 categories at the Thüringen-Rundfahrt (2006 and 2007) and National ITT Championships (2006), results sufficiently impressive to earn him his first full professional contract with Bob Stapleton's legendary Team Highroad for 2008. He remained with the team as it went through the transformation from Team Columbia, Columbia-HTC and HTC-Columbia to HTC-Highroad, the name under which the outfit raced its final season in 2011 before lack of sponsorship brought it to an end.

During his first professional year he won three time trials, then in 2009 he won the time trials at both the Critérium International and Bayern-Rundfahrt and a bronze medal racing at Elite level at the World Time Trial Championship where he finished 2'30.18" behind Fabian Cancellara. He also revealed a talent that is almost unique among time trial specialists - his ability to climb, and climb fast; as was proven when he won the King of the Mountains at Paris-Nice and the Tour de Suisse and, perhaps most telling of all, 2nd place behind Juan Manuel Gárate in a very tough Stage 20 at the Tour de France which finished at the top of cycling's most feared climb, Mont Ventoux.

Martin wins the 2011 ITT Championship
(image credit: Mogens Engelund CC BY-SA 3.0)

Martin started 2010 with victory in the Stage 7 ITT at the Tour of California, following that with another win for the ITT at the Tour de Suisse; then won the National Championship and finished 2nd at the Tour de France prologue and Stage 19 ITT before winning the General Classification at the Tour of the Benelux. Once again, he had to settle for bronze at the Worlds when he finished 1'12.49" behind Cancellara. Finally, after winning the Volta a Algarve and the ITTs at the Critérium du Dauphiné, Tour de France and Vuelta a Espana, his moment came - at the Worlds in 2011, he beat Cancellara by 1'20.59" (and 2nd place Bradley Wiggins by 1'15.83"). Later that year, he also won the General Classification at the inaugural Tour of Beijing.

Cancellara remained a formidable time trial rider, winning the Swiss National Championship in 2011 and while the rest of the year was far from his best the cycling world fully expected him to win back the title in 2012, and excellent form at the Spring Classics made this seem more likely. Meanwhile, Martin had excellent form too, taking second place behind Bradley Wiggins (who had found that once-in-a-career, Tour de France-winning form that most riders never find) at the Volta ao Agarve - and then all bets were called off when both riders were injured early in the 2012 season, Cancellara with a quadruple fractured collarbone from the Ronde van Vlaanderen and Martin with injuries caused during an April training ride when he collided with a car. Martin's recovery was remarkable in its rapidity - by the 23rd of May, just six weeks after the accident, he was able to start the Tour of Belgium and won the Stage 4 time trial and the General Classification. He was a favourite to win the Prologue at the Tour de France but was kept from victory by a mechanical problem, with the honour going instead to Cancellara, then crashed and broke his wrist in Stage 1 but continued until Stage 9, another time trial, where further mechanical problems convinced him that it wasn't to be a good Tour and he abandoned in order to recover for the Olympics. Riding in the Individual Time Trial at the Games, he was once again second behind Wiggins. 2012 was, therefore, a mixed bag, but the season was to end on a highlight: at the World Championships, he rode with the victorious Omega Pharma-QuickStep in the Team Time Trial (which made its return to the Worlds that year after an 18-year absence, and was competed by trade teams rather than national teams as had been the case between 1962 and 1994), then days later he set a blistering time in the Individual Time Trial during which he caught and overtook a stunned Alberto Contador who, incredibly, had left the starting ramp a full two minutes before the German. Martin completed the 42.6km course in 58'38.76"; Taylor Phinney was the only rider to get anywhere near him with +5'37", while third place Vasily Kiryienka was +1'44.99". Following the Championships, Martin went to the Tour of Beijing and enjoyed even more success, winning his first non-time trial stage (Stage 2) for three years and with enough time to give him what proved to be an insurmountable lead in the General Classification.

2013 started well - at the Volta ao Agarve, he won the time trial (Stage 4, the final stage in the race) by 1'07" and thus gained a 58" advantage in the General Classification. His team won the  Team Time Trial and he won the Individual Time Trial at Tirreno-Adriatico, then he went on to also win the difficult Individual Time Trial at the Tour of the Basque Country. Cancellara is still a remarkably talented time trial rider, but over the last two seasons he seems to be gradually evolving into a Classics specialist; Martin has already proved himself to be very much a worthy successor.


Other cyclists born on this day: Gintarė Gaivenytė (Lithuania, 1986); Simone Mori (Italy, 1972); Kathy Lynch (New Zealand, 1957); Jack Hartman (USA, 1937); Jure Pavlič (Yugoslavia, 1963); Tore Milsett (Norway, 1944); Paul Nixon (USA, 1914, died 2008); Kenneth Sutherland (Belize, 1943); Aimé Fritz (Germany, 1884, died 1950); Marcel Stäuble (Switzerland, 1961); Charles Hansen (Denmark, 1891); Luigi Magnotti (Italy, 1895, died 1948); Eduardo Bustos (Colombia, 1937).

Cycling Evening News 02.05.12

Truck that killed Korean cyclists "apparently speeding" as driver watched TV; riders named - RCS likely to share TV rights with Giro teams - Tony Martin, true professional - Riders to receive 2010/2011 Grand Tour jerseys - Cofidis Tour pre-selection - Movistar change Giro line-up - Introducing... Team Colavita - Tandem paracycling  in 2014 Commonwealth Games - Mark Colbourne revved up for London 2012 glory - Vaughters: "Cycling's image has bigger issues" - Mark Cavendish: Every rider of the Olympic road race should get a medal - British Cycling extend sponsorship deal with Sky until 2016 - Goss key to Olympic success - Geraint Thomas blasts Olympic rule changes - Contador impressed by Boonen - Crash at Rock Tour - Drafting like a boss - Cycling Newswire - Tweets

Racing
Truck that killed S. Korean cyclists "apparently speeding" as driver watched TV; riders named
The driver of a 25-tonne truck that first hit a van and then ploughed into a women's professional cycling team in South Korea, killing three riders and seriously injuring four others, may have been speeding; according to reports. The team's coach, who was travelling in the van, escaped with minor injuries.

"The accident took place in Uiseong County, North Gyeongsang Province, 334 kilometers southeast of Seoul at around 9:50 a.m," says the Korea Herald.

The three riders killed have been named as Jeong Soo Jeong (19), Lee Min Jeong (24) and Park Eun Mi (25). The most seriously injured women are Jang Jin Ha (19), Kim Seon Young (20) and Jeong Eun Song (23).

"The driver said he was watching the television and only after hearing a loud noise while colliding with the van did he realize he had caused an accident," local police informed the Korea Times. "He steered left immediately and braked but it was too late. We presume he was driving at around 70 kilometers per hour. It might be that Baek stepped on the accelerator by mistake instead of the brake as he was engrossed in the drama. It seems he wasn't aware of what had happened for a while after the initial crash." Investigators have said that there were no skid marks for 100m after the point where the truck hit the cyclists, suggesting that driver was unaware he had hit them until he also hit the van.

RCS likely to share TV rights with teams

RCS Sport - organiser of the Giro d'Italia - is said to be on the verge of signing a deal with the UCI Pro Teams that would see television rights to events shared between them, rather than all rights belonging to race organisers as has previously been the tradition. The company also organises the Milan-San Remo and Giro di Lombardia Monuments as well as Tirreno-Adriatico.

Several teams have said over the the last couple of years that they believe a share of TV rights would be a useful alternative source of income, leaving them less reliant on sponsorship. Organisers - who in the case of major races earn vast sums selling the rights globally - have been less keen. So what changed RCS' mind? Presumably, the fact that paying a share of the money to the teams would give them certain leverage in controlling which riders are sent to a race - if an organiser can influence a team to send its most popular riders, viewing figures, sales and advertising revenue will increase.

What will be really interesting is how the ASO react. As organisers of the Tour de France and numerous other high-profile races including the Tour of Qatar, Paris-Roubaix, the Critérium du Dauphiné, Liège-Bastogne-Liège, the Vuelta a Espana (shared with Unipublic) and fourteen other world-famous events, the organisation rakes in a vast sum from rights each year; giving it both the wealth and powerbase to make it a credible opponent even to the UCI - as has been proven on occasions, such as in 2008 when seventeen teams declared that they would take part in the Tour de France and not apply for ProTour licences the following year after an ASO/UCI row over the ProTour series. Whether they will be willing to give up a share on income that must surely amount to many millions - possibly even billions - of euros per year and cede a large chunk of its power remains to be seen.

Tour of the Gila
The Tour of the Gila starts today in New Mexico with a tough 151.3km men's parcours ending in a tough climb - as steep as 19% at one point - to the ancient Native American pueblo villages in the Mogollon Mountains. The women's parcours is reduced to 117.6km in length by the omission of two laps around Gila but ends with the same climb, reaching 2,071m. (Map and profile)

Tony Martin, true professional

It's still only been three weeks since World Time Trial Champion Tony Martin was hit by a car during a training ride near his home and left with breaks to his eye socket, jaw and cheekbone, yet he competed in the Rund um den Finanzplatz Eschborn-Frankfurt yesterday and came fourth despite pain. "Fortunately, energy bars soften in the sun - because I still have trouble eating," he said.

Schleck looked as though he might win the 2010 Tour -
until his chain came off

Riders to receive Grand Tour jerseys
Andy Schleck will be officially honoured as the winner of the 2010 Tour de France one day before he begins the Tour of Luxembourg. The rider, then aged 25, finish the Tour in second place behind Alberto Contador, who has since been found guilty of doping and stripped of the title. He will be presented with the maillot jaune in his hometown Mondorf-les-Bains.

Meanwhile, Michele Scarponi is to be awarded the 2011 Giro d'Italia maglia rosa tomorrow (3rd of May) in Herning, two days before the 2012 edition begins. Schleck had previously expressed disappointment at the Court for Arbitration in Sport's decision to uphold the Contador ban and even indicated that he might not accept the title (his sponsors had other ideas), but Scarponi is less reluctant: "It will be a welcome reward, a prize for a very good performance in last year's Giro," he told reporters. (AFP)

Cofidis Tour de France pre-selection
Cofidis has realeased a lost of fifteen names from which its nine-man Tour de France team will be selected. On the list are Yohann Bagot, Remy di Gregorio, Samuel Dumolin, Leonardo Duque, Julien Fouchard, Egoitz Garcia, Jan Ghyselinck, Arnaud Labbe, Luis Ángel Maté, David Moncoutié, Damien Monier, Rein Taaramäe, Tristan Valentin, Nicolas Vogondy and Romain Zingle.

Movistar drops Quintana for Bruseghin

Marzi Bruseghin, now with Movistar

Movistar have deselected 22-year-old Colombian climber Nairo Quintana from their Giro d'Italia squad, with manager Eusebio Unzué saying he is concerned that the mountains in the third week - which include the notorious Passo dello Stelvio -  could prove too much for him. However, since the team is already well-equipped with climbers (Sergio Pardilla, Andrey Amador) and his replacement is Marzio Bruseghin, a time trial specialist, the truth may be that the team wishes to strengthen its abilities away from the climbs.

Other News
"Introducing... Team Colavita" (Kathryn Bertine, ESPNW)


Tandem paracycling to be included in 2014 Commonwealth Games (UKPA)

"Mark Colbourne: After an emotional gold at the Para-Cycling Track World Championships I'm revved up for London 2012 glory" (Inside World Parasport)


"Vaughters to Roche: Cycling's image has bigger issues" Garmin-Barracuda boss on UCI over-regulation (Cycling News)

"Mark Cavendish: Every rider of the Olympic road race should get a medal" (Metro)

"British Cycling extend sponsorship deal with Sky until 2016" (Daily Telegraph)

"Goss the key to Olympic cycling success" (Sky News Australia)

"Geraint Thomas blasts Olympic rule changes" (WalesOnline)

"I've enjoyed watching Boonen" Contador impressed by Tommeke (Het Nieuwesblad)

"Tremendous scare in the Rock Tour Lititz mass when a fall occurs in the bunch" (Diario Vasco)

"USA Pro Cycling Challenge becomes presenting partner of the Colorado Mini Classic" (Glenwood Springs Post Independent)

"Cycling competition concludes at 2012 Warrior Games" (USAF)

"New Zealander Torckler emerged as the Tour of Borneo's first overall winner" (New Straits Times)

"Appalachian's cycling team was named Atlantic Coast Conference Cycling Division I road champions for the second year in a row" (Watauga Democrat)

Cycling
Drafting like a boss (or a buffoon)

Newswire
Britain
"Data mapping specialists ITO World highlight Central London's decade long cycling boom" (road.cc)

"Tower Bridge Road junction safety improvements start this week" (LondonSE1)


"The widow of a cyclist killed in a road accident has been awarded more than £200,000 in compensation" (This Is Leicestershire)

"Team USA cycling star Janel Holcomb has given her support to the Cycle SMART campaign, which was launched by Surrey County Council and Surrey Police to encourage cyclists and motorists to share the road safely" (Elmbridge Today)

Worldwide
"A second man has been charged over the hit-and-run death of a 26-year-old cyclist in Perth" (9News, Australia)

"Gilad Shalit to lead Cycling for Peace outing" (YNet, Israel)

"Thousand cyclists participated in May Day parade through Riga" (Baltic Course)

"Omaha cyclist: Must it be bikers vs. drivers?" (Livewell Nebraska)

Tweets

Helen Wyman ‏ @CXHelen
I realise this statement may sound a little big headed however my risotto is to die for and would even make gregs eyes go wobbly #masterchef

Cycling Evening News 27.04.12

Festival Luxembourgeois Elsy Jacobs - Tour de Romandie (video) - Tour of Turkey - Gracia Orlova - Fuglsang cannot ride Giro - Sky reveal Cav-led Giro squad - New sponsor for GreenEDGE - Contador hints at SaxoBank return - Tony Martin plans ultrafast comeback - Landis could face $1 million fine or 30 years imprisonment - Lampre announce Giro squad - Voeckler pays his respects to African riders - New Cleveland velodrome free for under-18s - Keep digging, Griffin - The War On Britain's Roads - Smirk helmet masks - Hit and run caught on helmetcam - Newswire

Racing
Festival Luxembourgeois Elsy Jacobs
For anybody who cares about women's cycling, it's very easy to feel miserable at the moment with races being cancelled all over the world. Be thankful, then, that this weekend brings us that celebration of all things good in women's cycling, the Festival Luxembourgeois Elsy Jacobs. Beginning on Friday evening with a lightning-fast 1.7km individual time trial prologue parcours in Luxembourg City, the race also features stages on Saturday and Sunday.

Top Ten
  1.  Annemiek Van Vleuten Rabobank 2'11"
  2.  Judith Arndt GreenEDE +1"
  3.  Hanka Kupfernagel RusVelo ST
  4.  Marianne Vos Rabobank +2"
  5.  Charlotte Becker Specialized-Lululemon ST
  6.  Linda Villumsen GreenEDGE +3"
  7.  Shara Gillow GreenEDGE ST
  8.  Leire Olaberria Dorronsoro ST
  9.  Emilia Fahlin Specialized-Lululemon +4"
  10.  Amber Neben Specialized-Lululemon ST
Full results (more details) (start list).

Tour de Romandie
Friday's Stage 3 (map) started at La Neuveville, a village that holds city status since it's still protected by well-preserved medieval defensive walls complete with towers (la Tour de Rive features on many a postcard). After a flat start, riders faced a short climb 20km into the stage at Mont Vully followed by a flattish 30km to Cat 3 Arrissoules (640m) - then it was mountains all the way. The first big ascent was the uncategorised climb up to Sarzens beginning after 77km, followed by 23km to Cat 2 Le Chatelard with the summit at 1,002m - with a fast descent that guaranteed exciting, high-speed racing and a big opportunity for a break to increase their lead. The last categorised mountain was the Cat 3 Treyvaux to 810m, but a final climb lurked at the end of the stage before the riders drew up to this finish line in Charmey.

Luis León Sánchez

Anders Lund (SaxoBank), Gatis Smukulis (Katusha), Leigh Howard (GreenEDGE), Matt Brammeier (Omega Pharma-QuickStep) and Tosh van der Sande (Lotto-Belisol) got away soon after the race began and succeeded in gaining a lead of as much as six minutes, then Smukulis put the wind up the peloton by launching an attack 17km from the finish line. His three comrades were soon caught and put back in their places, but he managed to keep going to within 5km of the line before being swept up by the pack as it began preparing itself for a final mass sprint at the top of the last climb. That's classic all-rounder territory, so it no surprise that victory went to a classic all-rounder - an apt description of Rabobank's Luis León Sánchez, who edged over the line with a miniscule lead over the bunch. Gianni Meersman was on his back wheel for second, with Paolo Tiralongo (Astana) right behind them for third. Sky's Bradley Wiggins retains his General Classification lead, but with Sánchez picking up a usefull 10 bonification seconds today the British rider's advantage is down just a second and anything could happen.

Crashes took down two  Lotto-Belisol riders. Adam Hansen was taken to hospital and is reported to be suffering concussion and extensive brusing, whereas Kenny Dehaes was able to get up and complete the stage - he later Tweeted to say that while he was in pain, nothing seemed to be broken.

Top Ten
  1.  Luis Leon Sanchez Gil Rabobank 3h58'29"
  2.  Gianni Meersman Lotto-Belisol ST
  3.  Paolo Tiralongo Astana ST
  4.  Andrew Talansky Garmin-Barracuda ST
  5.  Bauke Mollema Rabobank ST
  6.  Rinaldo Nocentini AG2R-La Mondiale ST
  7.  Maciej Paterski Liquigas-Cannondale ST
  8.  Giampaolo Caruso Katusha ST
  9.  Gorka Verdugo Marcotegui Euskaltel-Euskadi ST
  10.  Fabrice Jeandesboz Saur-Sojasun ST
(Full results and GC when available)

Stage 4, the penultimate, covers 184km between Bulle (don't miss the château, castle fans - it's a good 'un!) and Sion (one of the most important ancient sites in Europe, inhabited for around 8,200 years - the fortified church, which contains one of the world's oldest pipe organs, is even more impressive than Bulle's castle) and takes the riders over the highest mountains in this year's race: the three Cat 1 climbs Col des Mosses (1,452m), Veysonnaz (1,473m) and St-Martin (1,423m), with Cat 2 Basse-Nendaz (1,018m) thrown in for good measure at the end of a 65.5km flat section in the middle of the stage - a section upon which the roleurs, sprinters and chancers could grab a big lead and prevent the climbing specialists having everything their own way.

Tour of Turkey
Stage 6 (map), 180.3km long, began at Bodrum (site of an imposing 15th Century Crusader castle; those who worked on it during construction received a guaranteed reservation in Heaven courtesy of a papal decree dating from 1409) after which riders headed north-east to Beçin, then north-west to Didim - the Didyma of the Homeric Hymn to Apollo (which wasn't written by Homer), a ruined temple to the god mentioned in the Hymn still exists here (the temple in the Hymn was destroyed in the 5th Century BCE). The remainder of the parcours leds north to Kusadasi, a town that has lost much of its native charm due to unsympathetic development - however, tourists who are willing to venture away from the beach and shiny hotels can still find remnants of the ancient city including traces of the defensive walls, the 17th C. mosque and little shops that sell the things the locals need. Once again, there were no high mountains but a serious of steep climbs rose to between 140 and 300m; the three that fell between 40 and 70km looking especially daunting.


It's not really been Matthew Goss' race this year - the Australian GreenEDGE rider came off second-best in Stages 1, 2, 4 and then again today when he was out-sprinted by Sacha Modolo who took a second stage win for his Colnago-CSF team. Mark Renshaw (Rabobank) was right behind them for third, recording the same time. Maxim Belkov (Katusha) Philip Deignan (United Healthcare) and Michal Golas (Omega Pharma-QuickStep) were the day's biggest crowd-pleasers with a break from early on in the parcours that remained out on front for much of the stage before a counter-attack finished them off. Ivaïlo Gabrovski (Konya Torku Sekersport) remains General Classification leader with an advantage of 1'33".

Sacha Modolo

Top Ten
  1.   Sacha Modolo  Colnago-CSF  4h34"
  2.   Matthew Goss  GreenEDGE  ST
  3.   Mark Renshaw  Rabobank Cycling Team  ST
  4.   Lucas Sebastian Haedo  SaxoBank  ST
  5.   Alexey Tsatevitch  Katusha  ST
  6.   Rafael Andriato De Mattas  Farnese Vini-Selle Italia  ST
  7.   Daniele Colli  Team Type 1-Sanofi  ST
  8.   Davide Vigano  LampreISD  ST
  9.   Marco Coledan  Colnago-CSF  ST
  10.   Blaz Jarc  NetApp  ST
Jimmy Casper (AG2R-La Mondiale), Sylvain Georges (AG2R-La Mondiale), Boris Shpilevsky (AG2R-La Mondiale), Assan Bazayev (Astana), Adam Hansen (Lotto-Belisol), Johan Esteban Cháves Rubio (Colombia-Coldeportes), Thomas Bertolini (Farnese Vini-Selle Italia) and Leonardo Giordani (Farnese Vini-Selle Italia) did not finish. Full result and GC.

Stage 7 (map), the penultimate in this year's edition, begins at Kusadasi and follows the craggy coastline for 74km before turning inland at Seferihisar to cross İzmir Province and arrive at the north-facing coastline by Güzelbahçe approximately 21km away. After turning to the east, there are 28.6km remaining before arrival at the finish line in İzmir - one of the oldest cities in the Mediterranean region, it remains better known in the West by its ancient name Smyrna, birthplace (possibly) of Homer; though many of the ancient buildings were destroyed in an enormous fire that killed as many as 2,000 people (it wasn't all bad, however - it brought an end to the Greco-Turkish War, which some estimates claim killed as many as 100,000).

British rider Katie Colclough took fifth place

Gracia Orlova
The Gracia Orlova entered Stage 2 today, a 26km individual time trial from Havířov, past Senov, then back to  Havířov, beginning with a fast downhill before arriving at four 10m climbs along the way with a maximum gradient of around 6.3% (map).

Specialized-Lululemon's Ellen van Dijk, who also won the prologue TT made it her second stage victory when she beat team mate Evelyn Stevens by one hundredth of a second - a serious show of strength by the team, currently in its first season, as they beat third place Tatiana Antoshina (Rabobank) by one minute and three seconds. Lululemon riders filled the rest of the spaces in the top 5 too, with Trixi Worrack and Katie Colclough equalling Antoshina's time for fourth and fifth.

Top Ten
  1.  Ellen Van Dijk Specialized-Lululemon 35'27"
  2.  Evelyn Stevens Specialized-Lululemon ST
  3.  Tatiana Antoshina Rabobank +1'06"
  4.  Trixi Worrack Specialized-Lululemon +1'13"
  5.  Katie Colclough Specialized-Lululemon +1'31"
  6.  Sharon Laws AA Drink-Leontien.nl +1'32"
  7.  Alexandra Burchenkova S.C. Michela Fanini Rox +2'08"
  8.  Olena Sharpa +2'15"
  9.  Laura Trott Ibis +2'27"
  10.  Larisa Pankova +2'26"
Full results and GC

Saturday's Stage 3 (map) is a 122.4km road race starting at Lichnov before heading south into the mountains where, after 30km, the riders face a climb to 1,000m - the highest point in the race. A fast descent leads for 10km to the foot of the next climb just over 50km in and rising to 800m, then a third climb to 900m begins at around 70km. One last climb at 105km reaches around 575m and, especially in the final part, looks horrendously steep.

Fuglsang cannot ride Giro

Jakob Fuglsang

Jakob Fuglsang will not ride in this year's Giro d'Italia due to inflammation of the articular capsule and ligament in his left knee, RadioShack-Nissan have confirmed. The 27-year-old Dane had stayed away from the Tour de Romandie in the hope that the injury - which first made itself known at a training camp two weeks ago - would heal, but team doctors now say it will require at least ten days complete rest. The race starts on the 5th of May, eight days away.

I am very disappointed,” said Fuglsang, who had been hoping to perform well in the first three stages which are to be held in Denmark. “The Giro was my big objective for this year. Yesterday I had so much pain in the last 40K, I was just miserable. At that point I realized that it might be the end of my Giro dream."

Team doctor Andreas Gösele explained that, with intensive therapy, recovery might have been possible in time for the start; but he advised against it out of concern for the rider. "Jakob would possibly be able to start at the Giro, but with how much risk? A good result would be out of the question and if he would have to drop out after ten stages, what would we have accomplished? From a medical point of view, it is impossible to guarantee that he will be fine."

It's the latest disaster in what has been a very unfortunate season for the new team, formed by the merger of RadioShack and Leopard Trek late in 2011. Team leaders Andy and Frank Schleck have, so far, failed to perform well and Fabian Cancellara sustained a quadruple collarbone fracture at the Ronde van Vlaanderen.

Sky reveal Cav-led Giro squad
Team Sky will be led by Mark Cavendish at the Giro d'Italia, which ought to bring at least a couple of tage wins for the British outfit. Whether he will finish the race remains to be seen - there's some serious climbing to be done, and he'll have the Tour and the Olympics in mind. However, managers have a plan: let Cav do his stuff in the sprints, then hand responsibility over to the Columbian climbers Sergio Henao and Rigoberto Urán. Bernhard Eisel, Juan Antonio Flecha, Peter Kennaugh, Ian Stannard, Ben Swift and Geraint Thomas are also going.

New sponsor for GreenEDGE
GreenEDGE - Australia's first UCI Pro Tour team - are on the verge of announcing a new big-name sponsor. At present, the team's main sponsor is owner and businessman Gerry Ryan but a superb start to their first season - especially by the women's squad, which has won race after race - has evidently been enough to attract other backers, which will help ensure its long-term survival.


Contador - further indication of SaxoBank return
Alberto Contador - who has 100 days remaining until the end of his controversial ban - has told the Spanish Marca.com sports news website that he hopes to know "soon" if he'll return to SaxoBank and says that he "cannot imagine riding with any other team."

"Bjarne Riis and the team have given me such support, it's been great," he explains. "That's important to me, priceless, so SaxoBank is my priority. As of yet, there's no done deal but both parties are amenable and I think we'll have an agreement soon."

The main obstacle to date has been a UCI rule that results obtained by any rider returning from a doping ban cannot be counted towards a team's world ranking for a period of two years. Considered unfair by managers, riders and fans alike - "It's the same as if Lionel Messi was re-signed to play for Barcelona after a ban and scored goals, but his goals were not counted. It's grotesque," says Riis - SaxoBank lawyers are looking at the possibility of challenging the rule and having it repealed.

Contador is widely expected to use this year's Vuelta a Espana to make a triumphant return, pulling out all stops to dominate the race, and says he has been training for it - including watching videos of racing and the riders he's likely to face. Watching cycling is almost a part of my training," he says. "You can learn a lot by analysing the riders - how they'll react, how they descend, how rain or dry conditions effect them, little details that can give you the edge in a race."

Has he, in that case, got any tips for the Tour de France, which will be over by the time his ban expires? "A lot depends this year on Andy Schleck. If he's 100% and can break away from the five top riders, he could surprise a lot of people," says the rider, presumably with Andy's less-than-satisfactry form thus far this year in mind.
"
"However, he's going to need to do better in the time trials. Based on strength and experience, I'd have to say Cadel Evans."

Tony Martin plans comeback
Omega Pharma-QuickStep's Tony Martin does everything fast, which is why he's the current world time trial champion, but his planned comeback after sustaining numerous injuries when he was hit by a car during a training ride earlier this month is speedy even by his standards - he'll race at the Rund um den Finanz Platz on the 1st of May, three weeks since his accident (so no doubts that he's keeping well clear of anabolic steroids, then! - CP).

"I'm thrilled I can get back to the races," the 26-year-old German says on the team's website. "These last two weeks I've been concentrated exclusively on my recovery. In the last few days I've even managed to do some more intense training sessions. The pain due to the fractures and the fall are diminishing day by day and I'm feeling better. However, I still have to be careful and try to take as few risks as possible. Overall my return to the races will be useful for me to get my racing groove back and understand how my body will respond in competition. I really wanted my comeback to be in Frankfurt, in my country, and this is what I've been working towards. On a mental level it was important to have an objective like this one."

Landis faces mail and wire fraud charge

Floyd Landis

Floyd Landis probably felt glad it was all over by the time he announced his retirement from cycling, but in reality his problems were only just beginning. Having been stripped of his 2006 Tour de France victory after a sample tested positive for synthetic testosterone, the rider strenuously denied wrong-doing and started a "Floyd Fairness Fund" and asked fans to "donate anything they could" - it is believed that the Fund generated a total of around $1 million towards legal costs. However, his attempts to clear his name were unsuccessful and, in 2010, he finally admitted that he had in fact doped.

Although the Fairness Fund closed five years ago, it's come back to bite him. After last year receiving a suspended sentence for computer hacking, he is now under investigation for accepting money on a false premise; ie, requesting donations to prove his innocence despite knowing that he was guilty of the charge he then faced, which may constitute mail and wire fraud - a federal offence under US law since 1872, carrying a maximum penalty of a $1 million fine or 30 years imprisonment.

Lampre-ISD Giro squad
Lampre-ISD has revealed its provisional Giro d'Italia team roster. Damiano Cunego and Michele Scarponi are protected team leaders, supported by Przemyslaw Niemiec, Matteo Bono, Adriano Malori, Daniele Pietropolli, Daniele Righi, Alessandro Spezialetti and Diego Ulissi.

Thomas Voeckler

Voeckler pays his respects to African riders
Europcar's Thomas Voeckler won the third stage of the Tropicale Amissa Bongo à Akiéni yesterday and used his victory as an opportunity to praise the African riders he beat.

"Of course, I'm happy to win here - but we professional riders, we need to remember we're lucky to get the salaries we do, we're so well-paid compared to the African riders. I've kept that in mind during this race," says the 32-year-old Frenchman.

"Compared to these guys, I have no right to complain about anything," he explained, but was careful not to become patronising: "I'm here to do a job. Winning is my way of showing I respect them." (Stage results and GC)

New Cleveland velodrome will be free for under-18s
Any nation that wants to encourage more young people to take up cycling (and reap the rewards of their Olympic success a few years down the line) could learn a lot by following the example set by Cleveland, Ohio - after five years of planning, the city is about to open a $300,000 not-for-profit velodrome.

The idea is simple: build a world-class velodrome, using as much voluntary labour as possible to keep costs to a minimum, then charge adults to use it. Meanwhile, let riders aged less than 18 use it for free - including the provision of bikes for those who are new to the sport and haven't yet got machines of their own. "This velodrome is a welcome addition for cycling enthusiasts in the city of Cleveland," says city mayor Frank Jackson. "It will allow for people of all ages in the city to be exposed to the culture of the international sport of fast-track cycling and give them an additional form of physical activity to engage in."

"It is a great way to get kids into cycling," adds Brett David, president of management company FastTrack Cycling. "It is safer than driving on some of these roads, battling cars." (More from Cleveland.com)

Other racing news
New Zealand announces "strongest ever" Olympic team (NZHerald)

NZ talent causes headaches and heartaches (NZHerald)

Asian Cyclists to make U.S. debut at SRAM Tour of the Gila (Silver City Sun-News)

Bengaluru gets India’s first professional cycling team (Citizen Matters)

Cycling
Keep digging, Griffin

Lubricating the cogs of the Conservative Party to the tune of a quarter of a million quid wasn't enough to save Addison Lee's government contracts after the firm was handed an injunction due to chairman John Griffin's decision to encourage drivers to illegally use London's bus lanes. Now it seems he's also realised that his recent comments regarding the capital's cyclists were ill-advised too, and he's grabbing the brake levers like his business life depends on it.

If I have upset cyclists, I apologise. It was not my intention,” he told the Evening Standard newspaper, explaining that what he really meant was “car drivers need to be more aware of cyclists and cyclists need to be more aware of their vulnerability.”

However, he remains unrepentant regarding his "get trained and pay up" comment, though he apparently now realises that nobody pays road tax. "We need to look at the question of either insurance or tax. If you run into my car and it’s not my fault, I’ve got no redress against you," he says - and even the most militant cyclist has to admit that's a tricky point for those of us who prefer two wheels. But once again, Griffin hasn't done his homework: he says he wants to see the reintroduction of the cycling proficiency test, which he credits as being the reason that he "never had a single accident" while cycling seven miles to school and back during his childhood - he's obviously forgotten that the test was entirely voluntary (I never did it) and has now been replaced by the considerably more comprehensive Bikeability scheme, which is available for children and adults alike. He also says he doesn't support the introduction of Amsterdam-style bicycle lanes, offering as his reason the fact that "Amsterdam is a very flat town," though he's forced to agree that Central London "is pretty flat" when journalist Jasmine Gardner points it out to him.

BBC to show controversial documentary
The BBC is to broadcast an hour-long documentary entitled The War On Britain's Roads, featuring footage from cameras mounted on bikes and cars to illustrate the issues that arise between cyclists and drivers.


"As more and more people take up cycling as a way of beating the traffic or just keeping fit on their commute, the potential for conflict between cyclists and drivers has increased massively. Now cameras installed on bikes and in vehicles will use heart-stopping footage of interactions between road users to reveal a shocking picture of life on Britain’s roads. The film will follow current cases as they go through the courts and revisit the tragic stories of some of those who have lost their lives on Britain’s roads," goes the gumpf. CEO of Leopard Films, the company that produced the documentary, adds: "This timely documentary highlights a growing issue on Britain’s roads, from the viewpoint of both the motorist and the cyclist. BBC One is the perfect home for this insightful and at times shocking film."

It'll make good viewing, of course, but cyclists and drivers have raised concerns. To make Britain's roads safer for both groups (which, since the majority of adult cyclists also drive, are not really distinct groups at all), we need to increase awareness among a minority of cyclists and drivers that both have equal rights. Polarising them, either in reality or in the public mind, is not the way to do this; this film, and its ridiculously sensationalist title, helps nobody.

It's not yet known when the documentary will be screened.

Smirk's helmet masks

German company Smirk Masks has launched a range of what it calls "fixed gear helmet masks," which would seem - as the name suggests - to be aimed at fixie riders, though this is apparently not the case: "You can use all our masks to ride your fixie if you like, although that was just an idea we had to give the people the chance to look as cool as their bikes," says Smirk himself, also known as graphic artist Mirco Erbe.

Inspired by hockey masks and sci-fi headgear, the high price (around £600) will put most people off - as will the fact that, since they're not approved safety gear, they're not really suited to cycling at all. As for the aesthetics... personally, I like, even though they're not for me; though not everyone will like them - but hey, "denim effect" lycra shorts have been considered stylish within living memory, so there's every chance that Smirk's creations will make an appearance among the more trustafarian branches of fixie hipster society in a city near you soon.

Hit and run river side-swipes cyclists, caught on helmetcam

Newswire
Britain
Festival of cycling in Alford (Donside Piper and Herald)

Worldwide
Cycling your way to a healthier life (Hello!)

World Naked Bike Ride: the environmental protest with a difference (Ecologist)

Fatal bike trail wreck raises safety concerns (Mansfield News Journal, Ohio)

How to get urban dwellers cycling: make it normal (Globe and Mail, Vancouver)

Daily Cycling Facts 23.04.12

Louis Trousselier, 1905

Paris-Roubaix took place on this day in 1905,  won by Louis Trousselier when he finished in 8h4'20" with an advantage of 7' over 2nd place René Pottier. Later that year, Trousselier would also win the Tour de France and thus become the first rider to enjoy victory in both races in a single season (Pottier won the Tour a year later). Trou-Trou, as he was known to his fellow riders, was the exception to the rule that successful cyclists were "hungry boys from poor backgrounds" who rode bikes because, like working class Londoners and boxing, it was the only way they could escape poverty - he came from a wealthy family that owned a flower merchant business in Paris; which explains the nickname Henri Desgrange gave him, "The Florist." He died one day after the anniversary of his Paris-Roubaix victory in 1939 (and for that reason, we'll have much more information about him and his life in the Daily Cycling Facts tomorrow).

67 years later, another Classic took place on this day - the 36th edition of La Flèche Wallonne in 1972. It ran for 249.5km (the longest parcours since 1947) between Verviers and Marcinelle and the winner was Eddy Merckx, who then won Liège-Bastogne-Liège a few days later to become the third man to win the Ardennes Double. In 2003, the 67th edition also fell on this date. That year, it ran over 199.5km between Charleroi and Huy and was won by Igor Astarloa, the first Basque rider to achieve victory in this race. The 72nd edition, which took place in 2008, was the last time that the race fell on this date. It ran again between Charleroi and Huy and used a very similar route, once again measured at 199.5km, and it was won by Kim Kirchen whose career ended two years later when he suffered a heart attack during the Tour de Suisse.

Nicole Cooke
(image credit: Gsl CC BY-SA 2.5)

The sixth edition of La Flèche Wallonne Féminine took place on this day in 2003, starting and finishing at the same points as the men's race but taking a different route in between to reduce distance to 97.5km. It was won by Welsh rider Nicole Cooke, who was destined to win on two more occasions in the future and therefore equal the men's record of three victories. Since 1999, the race had formed part of the UCI Women's Road World Cup - and that year, Cooke won that as well. For the eleventh edition in 2008, the format differed - rather than running between the same towns as the men's event, the race both started and ended at Huy. The winner, for a second consecutive year, was the Dutch superstar Marianne Vos.

The Vuelta a Espana has started on this date five times - in 1969, 1970, 1974, 1985 and 1987. The 1969 edition was unusually short at "just" 2,921.4km, which were covered in 18 stages. Frenchman Roger Pingeon won and would have won the Tour de France that year too had it not have been for Eddy Merckx. In fifth place was Michael Wright, the English rider who didn't speak English - soon after Wright's birth in Bishop's Stortford, his father was killed during the Second World War. His mother later remarried to a Belgian soldier and the family relocated to Liège. It took some time for the Belgian love of cycling to take hold, however: he had originally wanted to be a footballer and it was only when his stepfather died that he switched to cycling in order to be able to support his mother and siblings.

1970 was extended to 19 stages and covered 3,568km and Agustín Tamames emerged from nowhere to announce himself as a future great - in his very first Vuelta, he led all the way until the Stage 19b individual time trial where Luis Ocaña took the overall victory. Tamames would win five years later. 1974 was another comparatively short edition, the 19 stages covering 2,987km. The winner was José Manuel Fuente, a highly respected climber who also won in 1972 and took the King of the Mountains four times altogether. Just a year later, still seemingly at the height of his powers, he would be forced to retire with the kidney disease that killed him in 1996.

Robin Morton
(unknown copyright)

1985 saw 19 stages and 3,474km, and would prove to be an interesting edition for three reasons. Firstly, a Soviet team participated for the first time, it being very unusual in those times for Soviet athletes to take part in any non-amateur sporting events. Secondly, a US-based team took part for the first time - the Rank Xerox-sponsored Philadelphia Lasers; a team that also earned their place in history by being the first men's professional cycling team to be sponsored by a woman, Robin Morton. The Grand Tours remain a male-dominated world, but in those days Morton faced some obstacles that seem ridiculous today - as an example, there was a UCI rule than banned women from the "caravan" of cars that follows the race and as a result the directors of each race her team entered would take a vote before the event took place to decide whether or not she would be permitted to follow the race in the team car. Thirdly, 1985 very nearly saw the first British victory. Scotsman Robert Millar took the lead in Stage 10 and, phenomenal climber that he was, retained it until the penultimate edition when it seemed that only the Colombian Francisco Rodríguez had a hope of getting anywhere near him. The two men were together when Millar had a puncture, but when they began working to catch up with the Pedro Delgado-led lead group Rodriguez's (Spanish) team manager ordered him to give up his own chances by refusing to help the Scotsman. Millar soon found himself surrounded by riders from various Spanish teams who seemed dedicated in holding him back and, as a result, Delgado took the race leadership and eventually won overall. The incident remains controversial today, and many people suspect there was a collusion between the Spanish teams.

1987 covered 3,921km in 22 stages. Irishman Sean Kelly, one of the favourites, won two stages, wore the gold race leader's jersey for four and looked very much as though he was going to win his first Grand Tour until he was forced to abandon with a painful boil on his perineum during Stage 19. Laurent Fignon won the stage, but the Colombian Luis Herrera took over the leadership and won the race overall - the first ever Grand Tour victory by a South American rider.

Tony Martin

Tony Martin
(image credit: Petit Brun CC BY-SA 2.0)

Born in Cottbus, East Germany on this day in 1985, Tony Martin was four years old when his family escaped to the West - just a short while before the unthinkable happened and the Berlin Wall fell. Ironically, he would later return to what had been the Deutsche Demokratische Republik some years later when he won a place at a specialist sports academy in Erfurt.

Martin won the National Junior Individual Time Trial title in 2003 and rode with the winning Team Pursuit squad ain the Team Pursuit Championship a year later. He joined  Gerolsteiner as a trainee in August 2005, then moved on to Thüringer Energie for the next two seasons during which we won the Under-23 categories at the Thüringen-Rundfahrt (2006 and 2007) and National ITT Championships (2006), results sufficiently impressive to earn him his first full professional contract with Bob Stapleton's legendary Team Highroad for 2008. He remained with the team as it went through the transformation from Team Columbia, Columbia-HTC and HTC-Columbia to HTC-Highroad, the name under which the outfit raced its final season in 2011 before lack of sponsorship brought it to an end.

During his first professional year he won three time trials, then in 2009 he won the time trials at both the Critérium International and Bayern-Rundfahrt and a bronze medal racing at Elite level at the World Time Trial Championship where he finished 2'30.18" behind Fabian Cancellara. He also revealed a talent that is almost unique among time trial specialists - his ability to climb, and climb fast; as was proven when he won the King of the Mountains at Paris-Nice and the Tour de Suisse and, perhaps most telling of all, 2nd place behind Juan Manuel Gárate in a very tough Stage 20 at the Tour de France which finished at the top of cycling's most feared climb, Mont Ventoux.

Martin wins the 2011 ITT Championship
(image credit: Mogens Engelund CC BY-SA 3.0)

Martin started 2010 with victory in the Stage 7 ITT at the Tour of California, following that with another win for the ITT at the Tour de Suisse; then won the National Championship and finished 2nd at the Tour de France prologue and Stage 19 ITT before winning the General Classification at the Tour of the Benelux. Once again, he had to settle for bronze at the Worlds when he finished 1'12.49" behind Cancellara. Finally, after winning the Volta a Algarve and the ITTs at the Critérium du Dauphiné, Tour de France and Vuelta a Espana, his moment came - at the Worlds in 2011, he beat Cancellara by 1'20.59" (and 2nd place Bradley Wiggins by 1'15.83"). Later that year, he also won the General Classification at the inaugural Tour of Beijing.

Cancellara remains a formidable opponent in a time trial, winning the Swiss National Championship in 2011 and while the rest of the year was far from his best there's every reason to expect a return to form in 2012. Whether he can regain his World title remains to be seen, but it's safe to say that at 31 his career is far from over. Martin, however, is 26 and, arguably, by far a better all-rounder despite Cancellara's Classics success; and if he continues improving at the rate he has done over the last three years it wouldn't be at all reasonable to predict a Grand Tour victory within five years.


Other births: Gintarė Gaivenytė (Lithuania, 1986); Simone Mori (Italy, 1972); Kathy Lynch (New Zealand, 1957); Jack Hartman (USA, 1937); Jure Pavlič (Yugoslavia, 1963); Tore Milsett (Norway, 1944); Paul Nixon (USA, 1914, died 2008); Kenneth Sutherland (Belize, 1943); Aimé Fritz (Germany, 1884, died 1950); Marcel Stäuble (Switzerland, 1961); Charles Hansen (Denmark, 1891); Luigi Magnotti (Italy, 1895, died 1948); Eduardo Bustos (Colombia, 1937).