Daily Cycling Facts 30.11.2013

Tommy Simpson, 1937-1966

Tom Simpson
Today is a holy day in cycling, for all the cycling nations and not just in Britain - it would have been the birthday of legendary, tragic Tom Simpson. Born in Haswell, Co. Durham in 1937, Simpson seemed for many years to have been Britain's best ever hope for a Tour de France overall General Classification winner and was the only British rider to win the men's World Road Racing Championship until Mark Cavendish took the title in 2011.

Tom died on the 13th of July in 1967, during the 13th stage of the Tour de France. There were 22 stages that year and they covered a total of 4,708km; for the first time there was also a prologue, and the race had been designed to be the hardest Tour ever. It cannot, therefore, have been an uneventful race all the way until it reached Mont Ventoux that day - but because of what happened there, everything else has been forgotten.

Simpson was rated by many as the finest rider Britain had ever produced and, thanks largely to him, the Tour was increasingly popular on the English side of the Channel. He was also intelligent and funny, making him popular with the other riders; those that might not have liked him (and not one surviving rider from his era will admit to that) learned to respect him, because he had the legs to go with it. Many believed that he could win.

It was hellishly hot when the riders woke up that morning and forecasters warned it would get worse, reaching as high as 45C. That worried official race doctor Pierre Dumas - when he went for a walk at 06:30, he met some friends. "If the riders take something today, we'll have a death on our hands," he told them. They may have shared his concerns, but Dumas - who had come to cycling almost by chance, with no previous background in the sport - was well known for taking doping far more seriously than anybody else; needlessly so, it was commonly thought, as many people accepted it a simply a part of the sport - and something that was better not discussed..

It seems odd that, only 45 years ago, medical science believed that drinking the amount of water now recommended during athletic activity was actually harmful; but that was the case and, as a result, race organisers permitted riders no more than four standard bidons (about two litres) of water per stage. The riders, meanwhile, knew that they got thirsty and mounted cafe raids in which they would descend en masse upon rural bars and shops and guzzle down any fluids they could find, not caring about the large bills that showed up on their managers' desks months later. The riders hadn't long started the stage when the first raids took place, and one of Tom's domestiques had obtained a bottle of brandy. Tom had been seen gulping it down.

He'd been up Ventoux before and was well aware, as Raphaël Géminiani had tried to warn Ferdinand Kübler more than a decade earlier, that the unearthly summit is "not like any other col." Kübler thought he could prove himself greater than the mountain, so Ventoux ended his career to prove him wrong. Tom knew all this - he described an earlier ascent thus:

"It is like another world up there among the bare rocks and the glaring sun. The white rocks reflect the heat and the dust rises, clinging to your arms, legs and face. I rode well up there doing about five miles to the gallon in perspiration. It was almost overwhelming hot up there and I think it was the only time that I have got off my bike and my pants have nearly fallen down. They were soaked and heavy with sweat which was running off me in streams and I had to wring out my socks because the sweat was running into my shoes."

He knew, then, that Ventoux demanded respect. At Chalet Reynard, near the point where riders emerge from the weird and airless forests of the lower slopes and come out into the blast furnace of a road that leads to the top, the heat and alcohol was already giving his problems and several riders passed him. Team manager Alec Taylor wondered briefly if this might be a psychological trick designed to make his rivals think he couldn't cope, but when he drew close to Tom he could see that it wasn't. A little further up he was even worse, unable to concentrate and wondering about all over the road in a place without barriers to prevent a plunge over the side. At this point, Taylor and team mechanic Harry Hall still didn't doubt Tom would make it up the mountain and were far more concerned about what he might do to try to make up the time he was losing once he was over the summit - he'd long ago earned a reputation for being a lunatic descender, apparently relishing the thrill of high-speed corners that would have had most other riders reducing their speed by half. Then he crashed.

Hall was the first one to reach him. "That's it for you, Tom," he said, preparing himself for the emotional outpouring that was sure to come when the rider sat out the remainder of the stage in the team car, following his comrades. But Tom wanted to go on. Both men wished later that they'd stopped him.

For a man suffering as Tom was, he made it a very long way - it's 5.35km along the road and not far from 400m upward (which is an average gradient of 7.5%, not too bad for a professional cyclist - but as Géminiani knew and so many have found out, Ventoux is different) to the place where he fell for the second time. This time he wasn't going on, though he didn't know it because he was already unconscious, his hands locked in a deathgrip to the bars and his legs still trying to pedal. Hall was first to him again and said later that he knew it was too late as soon as he got there. With the help of another mechanic, Ken Ryall, they prised his hands loose and laid him down at the side of the road. One of the Tour's police outriders summoned Dr. Dumas, who was there in moments. He, his deputy and a nurse took turns administering heart massage, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and oxygen until the helicopter arrived and took him to hospital, where he was declared dead. His last words, spoken as Hall reached him, were not "Put me back on my bike!" - that was made up by a journalist who wasn't there. Hall and Taylor say they were "Go on! Go on!" What he meant by that we'll never know, but the most obvious explanation is that he thought he was still riding.

The Simpson memorial, Mont Ventoux

The cause of death was given as a heart attack but Dumas, knowing that there was more to it than that and realising that Tom had bequeathed him a chance to prevent more stupid deaths, refused to sign the death certificate until an approved poisons expert had carried out an autopsy. Five days later, it confirmed that he had been taking the amphetamines that were also found in the pockets of his jersey - the drugs had stopped him being able to know when his body was unable to take any more, so that he carried on until he destroyed himself. Tom' story has become one of professional cycling's most-told; the memorial on the mountain where he died is a place of pilgrimage for cyclists from around the world. He was enormously popular both with British fans and those from abroad, as such he did not die in vain: thanks to Dumas, his death was the wake-up call that alerted the world to the prevalence and dangers of doping and forced organisers to begin to consider ways to control it.

When Cavendish was awarded an MBE by the Queen following his World Championship victory, Tom was remembered also - the honour was bestowed on the 74th anniversary of his birth.

Laurent Jalabert
Laurent Jalabert, born in Mazamet on this day in 1968, is a retired French cyclist and one of the few to have become a well-known character among the non-cycling public outside the cycling nations of France, Italy, Spain and the Benelux. As a result, it frequently comes as a surprise to many when they learn that Jaja never won cycling's most famous race, the Tour de France. However, stage wins on Bastille Day in 1995 and 2001 earned him the thanks of French fans, restoring to them some of the pride lost during the long years since Bernard Hinault last took overall Tour victory.

The outcome of The Policeman's Crash

Jalabert - whose nickname Jaja came into being because he continued drinking wine when he became professional (it's slang for a glass of wine) - began racing with the Toshiba team in 1989, having come to their attention due to his rocket-like sprinting capabilities. He moved on to ONCE in 1992 and would remain with them for nine seasons. Having won a wide variety of stages and one-day races, he was involved in a dramatic crash in the sprint finish of Stage 1 at the 1994 Tour de France when a policeman's love for the sport got the better of his common sense and caused him to step into the road, where Belgian rider Wilfried Nelisson and Jalabert piled straight into him - an incident that has gone down into cycling history, known as The Policeman's Crah. The policeman was thrown backwards into the crowd and Nelissen concussed. Jalabert was most injured, requiring reconstructive surgery to repair his smashed teeth and face.

Sylvie, Jalabert's wife to whom he is still married, was understandably concerned that her husband had been so badly hurt in such an unpredictable accident. He promised her that he would find a way to continue racing that didn't require him to be in the high-speed tussle of a final sprint. Thus began his transformation into one of the finest all-rounders of his generation, a change that turned him from a sprinter able to grab glory in individual sprints to a rider who had a real chance at topping general classifications. Just a year later, he proved his new status at the Vuelta a Espana when he won the Points classification, the King of the Mountains and the General Classification - the trifecta, the only man to have done so in the Vuelta and an honour he shares in the Grand Tours with only Tony Rominger and the legendary Eddy Merckx. In that same Vuelta, he cemented his popularity among fans by allowing a little-known German rider named Bert Dietz to win the sought-after summit finish at Sierra Nevada: Dietz had ridden much of the race in a solo break but, after chasing for many kilometres, Jalabert caught him on the mountain. The outcome of the stage was, apparently, settled - but then Jaja was seen to hold back, refusing to overtake. "I never thought we'd catch him, and when I saw he was ready to drop I felt sorry for him," he later told reporters.

Jaja
(image credit: Cycling Art)

His generosity was repaid in good fortune, because in the coming years he won  string of races including prestigious events such as the Giro di Lombardia (1997), Paris–Nice (1995, 1996, 1997), the Classique des Alpes (1996, 1998), Milano-Torino (1997), the Vuelta a Asturias (1998), the Tour de Romandie (1999), the Tour Méditerranéen (2000), the Clásica de San Sebastián (2001, 2002) and many others before retiring after 14 years at the top. He has continued in sport since, becoming a consultant for Look who had used their experience as a ski manufacturer to develop clipless pedals and move into the bike market and acting as a commentator for French television - he can often be seen at the Tour providing race reports from the back of one of the motorbikes that follow the peloton. He also competes in triathlon and has entered numerous Ironman events, at which he unsurprisingly excels in the cycling sections - in the 2007 Swiss Ironman, he was in 966th place after the swimming section, then rose through 857 places in the cycling section to put himself into 91st overall. He also runs and has completed several marathons - something else that has stood him in good stead for triathlon, of course; in that same Swiss Ironman, he rose another 69 places during the running section.

Maurice Garin in 1897

Maurice Garin stripped of Tour win
On this day in 1904, four months after the end of the race, the Union Velocipedique de France announced that it would be stripping Maurice Garin of his Tour de France win and banning him for two years as part of its disciplinary action against 30 riders found to have cheated. Second place Lucien Pothier was also disqualified, as were several other riders, allowing Henri Cornet (real name Henri Jardry)  to become the youngest winner in Tour history at 19 (Henri Paret, at 50 the oldest rider to have completed a Tour, also rode that year). Such were the severity of the punishments that some historians have suggested that riders were not banned for taking trains, as is the official reason, but due to a major scandal that was covered up; this theory has been fueled by research carried out by Jason Jellick, who argues that riders would not have been able to take trains and finish when and where they did (but does not suggest that any scandal took place) and by the fact that official records have vanished.

Garin had also won the first Tour in 1903, but spectators claimed to have seen him take a train rather than ride one stage the following year - he denied doing so at the time, but admitted it in old age according to a man who had once run errands for his garage and later ended up working as the gravedigger and attendant at the Cimetiere Est where Garin was buried in 1957. The organisers, despite suspicions that they had permitted Garin to cheat because his personal sponsor was also a race sponsor, appear to have had grounds to have banned him immediately and would have been keen to do so had not angry spectators been likely to turn into a lynch mob if they'd done so.

In fact, aggression and cheating by spectators had been rife throughout the race that year - they'd felled trees to block riders they disliked and at one point Garin was savagely beaten by a crowd thgat had to be dispersed with pistol shots. This, combined with cheating among the entrants, was sufficient for Henri Desgrange to announce that the 1904 Tour would be the last. Thankfully, he was convinced to run the event again the following year with different, stricter rules.

Knud Enemark Jensen
Knud Enemark Jensen, born in Århus, Denmark on this day in 1930, achieved cycling fame in the very worst way possible - he was one of the earliest cyclists whose death was connected to doping when he collapsed in the 42C heat and fractured his skull during the team time trial event on the 26th of August at the 1960 Olympics. He went into a coma and died a few hours later in hospital.

Witnesses claimed that Jensen had swallowed eight pills believed to be phenylisopropylamine, an amphetamine-like drug, and another fifteen containing amphetamine and caffeine in the run-up to the race. His trainer initially said that he had administered Roniacol (nicotynol alcohol), a vasodilator, to the team but formally retracted his statement soon after. An autopsy confirmed the presence of both Roniacol and amphetamines in his body, but doctors concluded that his collapse had been caused by the heat rather than the drugs and his family were awarded one million lire compensation.

There are obvious comparisons between the deaths of Jensen and the British rider Tom Simpson, with whom he shared his birthday. Jensen's death encouraged the International Olympic Committee to accept that there was a problem with doping in sport and to establish a medical council in 1967, the year that Simpson died. Anti-doping controls would be put into place the following year, paving the way for similar controls to be introduced at the Tour de France and other races.

Pierrick Fédrigo, a French rider born in Marmande on this day in 1978, has been National Champion (2005) and has won the Tour du Limousin twice (2004, 2006), the Four Days of Dunkirk (2005), the Critérium International (2010) and stages at the Critérium du Dauphiné (Stage 6, 2011) and Tour de France (Stage 14, 2006, Stage 9, 2009, Stage 16, 2010, Stage 15, 2012). In 2013, he recorded very good results in all of his early season races and won Paris-Camembert. As a result, he probably feels a little disappointed that he is chiefly famous - and most likely to be remembered - for his nose, a prominence that gave rise to his nickname "le Nez de Marmande" and which is best described as "splendid."

Born in Rabat, Morroco on this day in 1922, Custodio Dos Reis had Portuguese nationality but became a French citizen at the age of nine - and turned out to be a  worthwhile catch by France, because he won Stage 14 of the Tour de France in 1950.

Charles Henry Bartlett died on this day in 1968 in Enfield, London. In 1908, he rode 100km in 2h41'48.6" on the track at the Olympics in London and won a gold medal for his achievement. He was born on the 6th of February 1885 in Bermondsey, also in London, making him 85 when he died.

Other cyclists born on this day: Domenico Pozzovivo (Italy, 1982); Arthur Griffiths (Great Britain, 1881); Martin Hvastija (Slovenia, 1969); István Liszkay (Hungary, 1912); Armand Putzeyse (Belgium, 1916, died 2003); Franck Perque (France, 1974); Kyriaki Konstantinidou (Greece, 1984); Andrés Torres (Guatemala, 1966); Álvaro Pachón (Colombia, 1945).

Daily Cycling Facts 26.08.2013

Léon Houa

The dates of the Classics, the great one-day races of Europe that after the three Grand Tours are the most prestigious races on the cycling calendar, have changed many times over the years before settling into their current order and months. Even the five Monuments, the most venerated of the Classics, are not immune; and the oldest of them all Liège-Bastogne-Liège has fallen in Spring, Summer and even Autumn. One such example was the third edition, held on this day in 1894, when it was open to professional riders for the first time. The parcours, a loop starting and finishing at Spa, was shortened from 250km to 223km - a fact reflected in the time taken by Léon Houa to win for a third consecutive year: 8h52'05", almost two hours faster than 1895. In fourth place, 43' behind Houa, was Maurice Garin who would go on to win the first Tour de France nine years later.

Carlo Galetti
As is commonly the case with riders from the early days of road cycling, we know surprisingly little about Carlo Galetti, who was born in Corsico, Italy on this day in 1882 - even though he won the Giro d'Italia in 1910, 1911 and 1912. He seems to have begun riding as an amateur as early as 1901 but has no recorded victories until a race called the Campionato Brianzola in 1905, where he beat Luigi Ganna (who would win the first Giro in 1909) into second place. The following year he joined the Italian-based, British-sponsored Rudge Whitworth team and, as was not uncommon in those days, also rode for the Italian Otav team. He remained a member of both for two years and won a number of prestigious events including Roma-Napoli-Roma, the Corza Nationale, the Giro di Sicilia and second place in the Giro di Lombardia.

Carlo Galetti

In 1908, Galetti switched to the famous French team Alcyon-Dunlop where he rode alongside some of the biggest names in pre-First World War cycling including Hippolyte Aucouturier, Eugène Christophe, Paul Duboc, Louis Trousselier and his old rival Ganna; also riding for Atala where he was again a team mate of Ganna. He won a second Giro di Sicilia that year, then moved back to Rudge Whitworth, now co-sponsored by Pirelli, and Legnano-Pirelli in 1909. He stood on the podium after five stages at the Giro that year, but Ganna - who had remained with Atala - beat him by two points. The following year he went back to Atala and rode once again with Ganna who would win three stages at the Giro, but finished in third place with a 23 point disadvantage; Galetti won two stages but was able to beat second place Eberado Pavesi (also an Atala team mate) by 18 points despite riding into a haystack and getting left behind during the final stage.

Galetti and Pavesi moved to Bianchi in 1911 while Ganna again stayed put at Atala. He won the first stage of the Giro, then lost the leadership to Giovanni Rossinoli who would keep it until Stage 6 when Galetti briefly won it back and held it for three stages until Lucien Petit-Breton became the first Frenchman to lead the race. In Stage 10, which Galetti won, he took it back from Petit-Breton and retained it until the end of the race. In 1912 he represented three teams, Dei, Senior-Polack and Atala, returning to the Giro with the latter - Pavesi had gone with him again, so they and Ganna became team mates once again (with Giovanni Micheletto, they became known as the Four Musketeers). Neither Ganna nor Pavesi won a stage at the Giro that year, possibly due to a lack of impetus as the General Classification had been abolished in favour of the Teams category. Micheletto took Stages 1 and 8, Galetti won Stage 5 (Stage 4, held two days earlier, was cancelled because the riders refused to ride through a river that had burst its banks and flooded the road; they were taken by train to Rome, where the stage was due to end in a velodrome and where angry fans demanded their ticket money back. Stage 9 was hastily organised and added to the race as a result);  Atala won the race by ten points due to their efforts.

Galetti, presumably towards the end of the Giro

Galetti never rode the Giro again, but his career wasn't over yet: 1913 passed without victory, then he came second at Milan-San Remo in 1914, jut before the War brought European cycling to a temporary halt. He survived the conflict and returned to the sport in 1918, winning Milan-San Remo and taking third place at the Giro di Lombardia. In 1919 he signed a new contract with Legnano-Pirelli and won the National Stayers Championship before taking second place at the Giro della Provincia Milano in 1920 and at Milano-Modena a year later. He seems to have retired as a professional rider at the end of 1921 but then came back in 1930 and 1931, by which time he was nearly 50 years old.

In 1920, Galetti began manufacturing bikes under his own name. The company was bought out in 1952, but 40 years after his Giro victories and three years after his death the Galetti name remained sufficiently familiar for new owners Alessi to retain it; they also went through the catalogues and put machines designed by Galetti himself back into production. Now known as New Galetti, it's still in operation today and produces a range of bikes including a highly desirable hardtail MTB, city and kids models and a stunningly attractive fixie.

Chris Boardman
Born in Hoylake, Great Britain on this day in 1968, Chris Boardman started racing when he was 13. By the time he was 16, he'd been selected for the National Cycling Team ("I was going to the World Championships and getting an absolute kicking," he says) and won the Road Time Trials Council's George Herbert Stancer 10-mile Championship and beaten the British Junior's 25-mile record. Two years later, he won the Junior 25-mile Championship.

Chris Boardman

Boardman was purely a time-trial specialist, excelling in that one discipline but lacking the ability to compete at the top level of cycling in other types of race. Nevertheless, he was so good in time trial that he was in high demand among the professional teams that competed in the Grand Tours and signed to Roger Legeay's Gan in 1993. The following year, he went to the Tour de France and set a record that still stands for the fastest prologue, recording an average speed of 55.152kph. As only he and Robert Millar had been the only cyclists to enjoy a high profile among the non-cycling public since Tom Simpson, he was widely predicted to be a future Tour winner despite his insistence that he could not win due to his poor performances in the mountains. The following year saw him crash and abandon in the Prologue, then in 1996 with the Prologue raced in heavy rain he was unable to perform as well a expected and was beaten by Alex Zülle. He then won the Prologue in 1997 and 1998, but in both years later crashed and abandoned.

Cycling had been extensively modernised by Boardman's era - the soigneurs of old, some of them with methods that were apparently based more on withcraft than science, had long gone. New materials, lightweight and strong, were replacing parts that had been drilled to replace weight and carbon fibre allowed manufacturers to introduce new machines that looked like they came from a hundred years in the future when compared to those of a decade before. Boardman embraced every advance, being one of the first to rely heavily on heart-rate monitors, performance meters and any scientific discovery that might offer a marginal gain; even going to far as to install an altitude tent (similar to an oxygen tent, but with a low-oxygen atmosphere to mimic the air at high altitiude) at his home - he said it had little effect other than to increase his concentration. For this reason, he earned the nickname The Professor among his fellow cyclists. The best-known expression of this eagerness to accept new developments was his use of the revolutionary new Lotus 108 bike at the 1992 Olympics, which he rode to gold and a new World Record time of 4'24.496" and, one year later, to a new "best human effort" (ie, using a non-standard bike radically different to that used by Eddy Merckx in 1972) Hour Record of 52.270km when he beat the previous record set by Graeme Obree one week earlier.

The Lotus 108

Boardman was diagnosed with osteoporosis in 1998. As treatment required hormone replacement therapy to increase his testosterone levels - which is banned under anti-doping rules - he chose to forego treatment for two years with an aim of ending his career on a highpoint at the 2000 Olympics. However, the disease progressed more rapidly than he had hoped; after winning thirteen races during 1998 and 1999, he was unable to compete in the Games. Instead, he set a new official UCI Hour Record (using a standard bike) at 49.441km on the 27th of October in 2000, then retired. He later became technical adviser to the British national road and track teams and is today best known as a commentator and for his bike range, Boardman Elite.


Knud Enemark Jensen
Born in Aarhus, Denmark's second-largest city, on the 30th of November in 1936, Knud Enemark Jensen represented his nation at the 1960 Olympics in Rome. The team time trial at the Games took place on the 26th of August in conditions so hot that team mate Jorgen B. Jorgensen was forced to abandon with sunstroke during the first lap; if they lost another man, the entire team would automatically be disqualified. Jensen complained that he too felt ill and became so dizzy that remaining team mates Vagn Bangsborg and Niels Baunsof had to hold him upright, spraying cold water on him to try to keep him cool. He would not let the team down, so he did not give up.

After a while, Jensen looked a little steadier and Bangsborg let go. The moment he did so, Jensen crashed, hitting his head hard. He was then taken to a medical tent set up near the finish line where doctors diagnosed a probable fractured skull, but for some reason he was not taken to hospital. The tent, standing in direct sun all day, was already hot when the rider was taken in and it became hotter as the day went on. He died there that afternoon, having remained unconscious since the crash. Sometime later, the Danish team coach confessed to having given the riders a vasodilator, nicotinyl alcohol, and eye-witnessed claimed to have seen him swallow eight phenylisopropylamine tablets, fifteen amphetamines and a large amount of coffee before the race; yet his corpse was declared free of drugs when it was autopsied and the cause of death given as heatstroke. However, years later one of the three doctors that had carried out the process claimed that they had found amphetamines and "traces of several things" in Jensen's system.

Jensen's death, at least partially because it was captured by television cameras, was not in vain. The public were so shocked that athletes held up as the physical ideal we should strive to emulate were putting their health at risk in order to be able to win their events and, 64 years since Arthur Linton became the first athlete to have died as a result of doping (probably - his death was put down to typhoid, but most modern researchers believe it was due to drugs administered to him by notorious soigneur Choppy Warburton), the International Olympic Committee and UCI began to realise that they needed to act to control doping.


Gianni Da Ros

Gianni Da Ros

Gianni Da Ros, who was born in Pordenone on this day in 1986, showed a great deal of promise as junior when he won silver medals for the Team Pursuit and Individual Sprint at the Italian Nationals in 2004, then more in the Under-23 class three years later with gold medals for the same two events and a silver for the Scratch at the Open Balkan Championship. He then won the Tre Giorni Citta di Pordenone with Davide Cimoli in July 2008, which earned him a trainee contract with Liquigas starting from the 1st of August and a full professional contract for the following year.

He would never win as a professional, however. On the 11th of March 2009, while training with the team, he was arrested as part of a police investigation into a doping supply network. He and two other riders, Davide Lucato and Albinio Corrazin were subsequently found guilty and all three received bans - Lucato for eight years, Corrazin for two years and Da Ros for twenty years, the longest ban ever handed to a cyclist. On appeal, the court decided that while he was guilty of both using and supplying drugs and should, therefore, remained banned, twenty years was excessive as he had not been shown to have administered drugs to another person. It was reduced to four years and will expire in March 2013, but Da Ros has not yet given any indication that he plans to return to professional cycling.

Krekels in 2006

Jan Krekels
Born in Sittard on this day in 1947, Jan Krekels hoped to be selected for the Dutch team at the 1968 Olympics after winning a number of important races early in the season, but was informed that he hadn't made the grade - so, despite being tall and well-built, he rode himself to point of exhaustion at the mountainous Österreich-Rundfahrt in an attempt to change the selection panel's minds. He won, it worked and with his help the team won the Team Time Trial in Mexico City; a remarkable feat since their training had been limited to Limburg, where the highest point is 322.7m above sea level  - around 2,100m lower than Mexico City's mean altitude.

Following the Games, Krekels was offered a professional contract with Bic, where he could have ridden alongside Jacques Anquetil. However, he was a homely sort of character and worried that he'd be lonely because of his inability to speak French, so he elected to stay at home and continue riding for a succession of small Dutch and Belgian teams. In 1971 he won a stage at the Tour de Suisse, then finished in the top ten on five stages and won one (Stage 19) at the Tour de France,  which all suggests that he might have gone a long way had he have taken up Bic's offer. As things were, his career slowly but surely faded away. Krekels doesn't care, though - he set up a central heating business, made a good living from it and still lives in Liburg, not far from where he was born. He says he's happy and he looks it when he appears in public.


Henk Nijdam, born in Eelderwolde, Netherlands on this day in 1935, won the National Pursuit Championship in 1960, 1966 and 1967; the World Amateur Pursuit Championship in 1961; the World Elite Pursuit Championship in 1962; Stage 6 at the 1964 Tour de France; Stage 20 at the Tour and Stages 8, 10b and 16 at the Vuelta a Espana in 1966 and Stage 12 at the Vuelta in 1967. He was the father of Jelle Nijdam, who was born on the 16th of August 1963.

Arnaud Démare, born in France on this day in 1991, won the Under-23 World Road Race Championship in 2011. In 2012, he won the Vattenfall Cyclassics, Le Samyn and Cholet-Pays de Loire, stages at the Tour of Qatar and the Route du Sud and was fourth at Kuurne-Brussels-Kuurne.

Bob Mionske, born in Evanston, Illinois on this day in 1962, represented the USA at the Olympics in 1988 and 1992, coming fourth in the road race in 1988. In 1990, he became National Road Race Championship. Following his retirement from competition in 1993, Mionske trained in law and became qualified to practice as an attorney, then in 1999 opened his own firm - the first in the world to specialise in representing cyclists and cases involving what became known (after he coined the phrase) as "bicycle law," and in 2007 he wrote a book on he subject titled Bicycling & The Law, the first volume devoted to bicycle law since The Road Rights and Liabilities of Wheelmen of 1895.

Robert de Middeleir, born in Oordegem, Belgium on this day in 1938, won the Omloop Het Volk and was second at Kuurne-Brussels-Kuurne and the Brabantse Pijl in 1962.

Jan Nevens, born in Ninove, Belgium on this day in 1958, won Stage 6 at the 1986 Tour de Romandie

Émile Baffert, who was born in Grenoble on this day in 1924, won Stage 22 at the 1950 Tour de France.

Bart de Clercq, who was born in Zottegem, Belgium on this day in 1986, won Stage 7 at the 2011 Giro d'Italia.

Other cyclists born on this day: Jimmy Watkins (USA, 1982); Aurélien Clerc (Switzerland, 1979): Jørn Lund (Denmark, 1944); Frans van Looy (Belgium, 1950); Carsten Wolf (East Germany, 1964); Danilo Wyss (Switzerland, 1985); Ceferino Estrada (Mexico, 1945, died 2003); Regina Marunde (West Germany, 1968); Lindford Gillitt (Belize, 1964); Al Stiller (USA, 1923, died 2004); Aleksandr Shefer (Kazakhstan, 1971); Stein Bråthen (Norway, 1954); Yury Dmitriyev (USSR, 1946); Erich Arndt (Germany, 1911); Han Shuxiang (China, 1965); Lucien Faucheux (France, 1899, died 1980); Yordan Penchev (Bulgaria, 1956); Ventura Díaz (Spain, 1937).

Daily Cycling Facts 30.11.2012

Tommy Simpson, 1937-1966

Tom Simpson
Today is a holy day in cycling - it would have been the birthday of legendary, tragic Tom Simpson. Born in Haswell, Co. Durham in 1937, Simpson seemed for many years to have been Britain's best ever hope for a Tour de France overall General Classification winner and was the only British rider to win the World Road Racing Championship until Mark Cavendish took the title in 2011.

Tom died on the 13th of July in 1967, during the 13th stage of the Tour de France. There were 22 stages that year and they covered a total of 4,708km; for the first time there was also a prologue, and the race had been designed to be the hardest Tour ever. It cannot, therefore, have been an uneventful race all the way until it reached Mont Ventoux that day - but because of what happened there, everything else has been forgotten.

Simpson was rated by many as the finest rider Britain had ever produced and, thanks largely to him, the Tour was increasingly popular on the English side of the Channel. He was also intelligent and funny, making him popular with the other riders; those that might not have liked him (and not one surviving rider from his era will admit to that) learned to respect him, because he had the legs to go with it. Many believed that he could win.

It was hellishly hot when the riders woke up that morning and forecasters warned it would get worse, reaching as high as 45C. That worried official race doctor Pierre Dumas - when he went for a walk at 06:30, he met some friends. "If the riders take something today, we'll have a death on our hands," he told them. They may have shared his concerns, but Dumas - who had come to cycling almost by chance, with no previous background in the sport - was well known for taking doping far more seriously than anybody else. Many people accepted it a simply a part of the sport, one that was better not discussed, so they may also have not.

It seems odd that, only 45 years ago, medical science believed that drinking the amount of water now recommended during athletic activity was actually harmful; but that was the case and, as a result, race organisers permitted riders no more than four standard bidons (about two litres) of water per stage. The riders, meanwhile, knew that they got thirsty and mounted cafe raids in which they would descend en masse upon rural bars and shops and guzzle down any fluids they could find, not caring about the large bills that showed up on their managers' desks months later. The riders hadn't long started the stage when the first raids took place - Tom had found a bottle of brandy.

He'd been up Ventoux before and was well aware that, as Raphaël Géminiani had tried to warn Ferdinand Kübler more than a decade earlier, it's "not like any other col." Kübler thought he could prove himselfgreater than the mountain, so Ventoux ended his career to prove him wrong. Tom knew all this - he described an earlier ascent thus:

"It is like another world up there among the bare rocks and the glaring sun. The white rocks reflect the heat and the dust rises, clinging to your arms, legs and face. I rode well up there doing about five miles to the gallon in perspiration. It was almost overwhelming hot up there and I think it was the only time that I have got off my bike and my pants have nearly fallen down. They were soaked and heavy with sweat which was running off me in streams and I had to wring out my socks because the sweat was running into my shoes."

He knew, then, that Ventoux demanded respect. At Chalet Reynard, near the point where riders emerge from the weird and airless forests of the lower slopes and come out into the blast furnace of a road that leads to the top, the heat and alcohol was already giving his problems and several riders passed him. Team manager Alec Taylor wondered briefly if this might be a psychological trick designed to make his rivals think he couldn't cope, but when he drew close to Tom he could see that it wasn't. A little further up he was even worse, unable to concentrate and wondering about all over the road in a place without barriers to prevent a plunge over the side. At this point, Taylor and team mechanic Harry Hall still didn't doubt Tom would make it up the mountain and were far more concerned about what he might do to try to make up the time he was losing once he was over the summit - he'd long ago earned a reputation for being a lunatic descender, apparently relishing the thrill of high-speed corners that would have had most other riders reducing their speed by half. Then he crashed.

Hall was the first one to reach him. "That's it for you, Tom," he said, preparing himself for the emotional outpouring that was sure to come when the rider sat out the remainder of the stage in the team car, following his comrades. But Tom wanted to go on. Both men wished later that they'd stopped him.

For a man suffering as Tom was, he made it a very long way - it's 5.35km along the road and not far from 400m upward to the place where he fell for the second time. This time he wasn't going on, though he didn't know it because he was already unconscious, his hands locked in a deathgrip to the bars and his legs still trying to pedal. Hall was first to him again and said later that he knew it was too late. With the help of another mechanic, Ken Ryall, they prised his hands loose and laid him down at the side of the road. One of the Tour's police outriders summoned Dr. Dumas, who was there in moments. He, his deputy and a nurse took turns administering heart massage, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and oxygen until the helicopter arrived and took him to hospital, where he was declared dead. His last words, spoken as Hall reached him, were not "Put me back on my bike!" - that was made up by a journalist who wasn't there. Hall and Taylor say they were "Go on! Go on!"

The Simpson memorial, Mont Ventoux

The cause of death was given as a heart attack but Dumas, knowing that there was more to it than that and realising that Tom had bequeathed him a chance to prevent more stupid deaths,  he refused to sign the death certificate until an approved poisons expert had carried out an autopsy. Five days later, it confirmed that he had been taking the amphetamines that were also found in the pockets of his jersey - the drugs had stopped him being able to know when his body was unable to take any more, so that he carried on until he destroyed himself. Tom' story has become one of professional cycling's most-told; the memorial on the mountain where he died is a place of pilgrimage for cyclists from around the world. He was enormously popular both with British fans and those from abroad, as such he did not die in vain: thanks to Dumas, his death was the wake-up call that alerted the world to the prevalence and dangers of doping and forced organisers to begin to consider ways to control it.

When Cavendish was awarded an MBE by the Queen following his World Championship victory, Tom was remembered also - the honour was bestowed on the 74th anniversary of his birth.

Laurent Jalabert
Laurent Jalabert, born in Mazamet on this day in 1968, is a retired French cyclist and one of the few to have become a well-known character among the non-cycling public outside the cycling nations of France, Italy, Spain and the Benelux. As a result, it frequently comes as a surprise to many when they learn that Jaja never won cycling's most famous race, the Tour de France. However, stage wins on Bastille Day in 1995 and 2001 earned him the thanks of French fans, restoring to them some of the pride lost during the long years since Bernard Hinault last took overall Tour victory.

The outcome of The Policeman's Crash

Jalabert - whose nickname Jaja came into being because he continued drinking wine when he became professional (it's slang for a glass of wine) - began racing with the Toshiba team in 1989, having come to their attention due to his rocket-like sprinting capabilities. He moved on to ONCE in 1992 and would remain with them for nine seasons. Having won a wide variety of stages and one-day races, he was involved in a dramatic crash in the sprint finish of Stage 1 at the 1994 Tour de France when a policeman's love for the sport got the better of his common sense and caused him to step into the road, where Belgian rider Wilfried Nelisson and Jalabert piled straight into him - an incident that has gone down into cycling history, known as The Policeman's Crah. The policeman was thrown backwards into the crowd and Nelissen concussed. Jalabert was most injured, requiring reconstructive surgery to repair his smashed teeth and face.

Sylvie, Jalabert's wife to whom he is still married, was understandably concerned that her husband had been so badly hurt in such an unpredictable accident. He promised her that he would find a way to continue racing that didn't require him to be in the high-speed tussle of a final sprint. Thus began his transformation into one of the finest all-rounders of his generation, a change that turned him from a sprinter able to grab glory in individual sprints to a rider who had a real chance at topping general classifications. Just a year later, he proved his new status at the Vuelta a Espana when he won the Points classification, the King of the Mountains and the General Classification - the trifecta, the only man to have done so in the Vuelta and an honour he shares in the Grand Tours with only Tony Rominger and the legendary Eddy Merckx. In that same Vuelta, he cemented his popularity among fans by allowing a little-known German rider named Bert Dietz to win the sought-after summit finish at Sierra Nevada: Dietz had ridden much of the race in a solo break but, after chasing for many kilometres, Jalabert caught him on the mountain. The outcome of the stage was, apparently, settled - but then Jaja was seen to hold back, refusing to overtake. "I never thought we'd catch him, and when I saw he was ready to drop I felt sorry for him," he later told reporters.

Jaja
(image credit: Cycling Art)

His generosity was repaid in good fortune, because in the coming years he won  string of races including prestigious events such as the Giro di Lombardia (1997), Paris–Nice (1995, 1996, 1997), the Classique des Alpes (1996, 1998), Milano-Torino (1997), the Vuelta a Asturias (1998), the Tour de Romandie (1999), the Tour Méditerranéen (2000), the Clásica de San Sebastián (2001, 2002) and many others before retiring after 14 years at the top. He has continued in sport since, becoming a consultant for Look who had used their experience as a ski manufacturer to develop clipless pedals and move into the bike market and acting as a commentator for French television - he can often be seen at the Tour providing race reports from the back of one of the motorbikes that follow the peloton. He also competes in triathlon and has entered numerous Ironman events, at which he unsurprisingly excels in the cycling sections - in the 2007 Swiss Ironman, he was in 966th place after the swimming section, then rose through 857 places in the cycling section to put himself into 91st overall. He also runs and has completed several marathons - something else that has stood him in good stead for triathlon, of course; in that same Swiss Ironman, he rose another 69 places during the running section.

Maurice Garin in 1897

Maurice Garin stripped of Tour win
On this day in 1904, four months after the end of the race, the Union Velocipedique de France announced that it would be stripping Maurice Garin of his Tour de France win and banning him for two years as part of its disciplinary action against 30 riders found to have cheated. Second place Lucien Pothier was also disqualified, as were several other riders, allowing Henri Cornet (real name Henri Jardry)  to become the youngest winner in Tour history at 19 (Henri Paret, at 50 the oldest rider to have completed a Tour, also rode that year). Such were the severity of the punishments that some historians have suggested that riders were not banned for taking trains, as is the official reason, but due to a major scandal that was covered up; this theory has been fueled by research carried out by Jason Jellick, who argues that riders would not have been able to take trains and finish when and where they did (but does not suggest that any scandal took place) and by the fact that official records have vanished.

Garin had also won the first Tour in 1903, but spectators claimed to have seen him take a train rather than ride one stage the following year - he denied doing so at the time, but admitted it in old age according to a man who had once run errands for his garage and later ended up working as the gravedigger and attendant at the Cimetiere Est where Garin was buried in 1957. The organisers, despite suspicions that they had permitted Garin to cheat because his personal sponsor was also a race sponsor, appear to have had grounds to have banned him immediately and would have been keen to do so had not angry spectators been likely to turn into a lynch mob if they'd done so.

In fact, aggression and cheating by spectators had been rife throughout the race that year - they'd felled trees to block riders they disliked and at one point Garin was savagely beaten by a crowd thgat had to be dispersed with pistol shots. This, combined with cheating among the entrants, was sufficient for Henri Desgrange to announce that the 1904 Tour would be the last. Thankfully, he was convinced to run the event again the following year with different, stricter rules.

Knud Enemark Jensen
Knud Enemark Jensen, born in Århus, Denmark on this day in 1930, achieved cycling fame in the very worst way possible - he was one of the earliest cyclists whose death was connected to doping when he collapsed in the 42C heat and fractured his skull during the team time trial event on the 26th of August at the 1960 Olympics. He went into a coma and died a few hours later in hospital.

Witnesses claimed that Jensen had swallowed eight pills believed to be phenylisopropylamine, an amphetamine-like drug, and another fifteen containing amphetamine and caffeine in the run-up to the race. His trainer initially said that he had administered Roniacol (nicotynol alcohol), a vasodilator, to the team but formally retracted his statement soon after. An autopsy confirmed the presence of both Roniacol and amphetamines in his body, but doctors concluded that his collapse had been caused by the heat rather than the drugs and his family were awarded one million lire compensation.

There are obvious comparisons between the deaths of Jensen and the British rider Tom Simpson, with whom he shared his birthday. Jensen's death encouraged the International Olympic Committee to accept that there was a problem with doping in sport and to establish a medical council in 1967, the year that Simpson died. Anti-doping controls would be put into place the following year, paving the way for similar controls to be introduced at the Tour de France and other races.

Pierrick Fédrigo, a French rider born in Marmande on this day in 1978, has been National Champion (2005) and has won the Tour du Limousin twice (2004, 2006), the Four Days of Dunkirk (2005), the Critérium International (2010) and stages at the Critérium du Dauphiné (Stage 6, 200) and Tour de France (Stage 14, 2006, Stage 9, 2009, Stage 16, 2010). As a result, he probably feels a little disappointed that he is chiefly famous - and most likely to be remembered - for his nose, a prominence that gave rise to his nickname "le Nez de Marmande" and which is best described as "splendid."

Born in Rabat, Morroco on this day in 1922, Custodio Dos Reis had Portuguese nationality but became a French citizen at the age of nine - and turned out to be a  worthwhile catch by France, because he won Stage 14 of the Tour de France in 1950.

Charles Henry Bartlett died on this day in 1968 in Enfield, London. In 1908, he rode 100km in 2h41'48.6" on the track at the Olympics in London and won a gold medal for his achievement. He was born on the 6th of February 1885 in Bermondsey, also in London, making him 85 when he died.

Other cyclists born on this day: Domenico Pozzovivo (Italy, 1982); Arthur Griffiths (Great Britain, 1881); Martin Hvastija (Slovenia, 1969); István Liszkay (Hungary, 1912); Armand Putzeyse (Belgium, 1916, died 2003); Franck Perque (France, 1974); Kyriaki Konstantinidou (Greece, 1984); Andrés Torres (Guatemala, 1966); Álvaro Pachón (Colombia, 1945).

Daily Cycling Facts 26.08.12

Léon Houa

The dates of the Classics, the great one-day races of Europe that after the three Grand Tours are the most prestigious races on the cycling calendar, have changed many times over the years before settling into their current order and months. Even the five Monuments, the most venerated of the Classics, are not immune; and the oldest of them all Liège-Bastogne-Liège has fallen in Spring, Summer and even Autumn. One such example was the third edition, held on this day in 1894, when it was open to professional riders for the first time. The parcours, a loop starting and finishing at Spa, was shortened from 250km to 223km - a fact reflected in the time taken by Léon Houa to win for a third consecutive year: 8h52'05", almost two hours faster than 1895. In fourth place, 43' behind Houa, was Maurice Garin who would go on to win the first Tour de France nine years later.

Carlo Galetti
As is commonly the case with riders from the early days of road cycling, we know surprisingly little about Carlo Galetti, who was born in Corsico, Italy on this day in 1882 - even though he won the Giro d'Italia in 1910, 1911 and 1912. He seems to have begun riding as an amateur as early as 1901 but has no recorded victories until a race called the Campionato Brianzola in 1905, where he beat Luigi Ganna (who would win the first Giro in 1909) into second place. The following year he joined the Italian-based, British-sponsored Rudge Whitworth team and, as was not uncommon in those days, also rode for the Italian Otav team. He remained a member of both for two years and won a number of prestigious events including Roma-Napoli-Roma, the Corza Nationale, the Giro di Sicilia and second place in the Giro di Lombardia.

Carlo Galetti

In 1908, Galetti switched to the famous French team Alcyon-Dunlop where he rode alongside some of the biggest names in pre-First World War cycling including Hippolyte Aucouturier, Eugène Christophe, Paul Duboc, Louis Trousselier and his old rival Ganna; also riding for Atala where he was again a team mate of Ganna. He won a second Giro di Sicilia that year, then moved back to Rudge Whitworth, now co-sponsored by Pirelli, and Legnano-Pirelli in 1909. He stood on the podium after five stages at the Giro that year, but Ganna - who had remained with Atala - beat him by two points. The following year he went back to Atala and rode once again with Ganna who would win three stages at the Giro, but finished in third place with a 23 point disadvantage; Galetti won two stages but was able to beat second place Eberado Pavesi (also an Atala team mate) by 18 points despite riding into a haystack and getting left behind during the final stage.

Galetti and Pavesi moved to Bianchi in 1911 while Ganna again stayed put at Atala. He won the first stage of the Giro, then lost the leadership to Giovanni Rossinoli who would keep it until Stage 6 when Galetti briefly won it back and held it for three stages until Lucien Petit-Breton became the first Frenchman to lead the race. In Stage 10, which Galetti won, he took it back from Petit-Breton and retained it until the end of the race. In 1912 he represented three teams, Dei, Senior-Polack and Atala, returning to the Giro with the latter - Pavesi had gone with him again, so they and Ganna became team mates once again (with Giovanni Micheletto, they became known as the Four Musketeers). Neither Ganna nor Pavesi won a stage at the Giro that year, possibly due to a lack of impetus as the General Classification had been abolished in favour of the Teams category. Micheletto took Stages 1 and 8, Galetti won Stage 5 (Stage 4, held two days earlier, was cancelled because the riders refused to ride through a river that had burst its banks and flooded the road; they were taken by train to Rome, where the stage was due to end in a velodrome and where angry fans demanded their ticket money back. Stage 9 was hastily organised and added to the race as a result);  Atala won the race by ten points due to their efforts.

Galetti, presumably towards the end of the Giro

Galetti never rode the Giro again, but his career wasn't over yet: 1913 passed without victory, then he came second at Milan-San Remo in 1914, jut before the War brought European cycling to a temporary halt. He survived the conflict and returned to the sport in 1918, winning Milan-San Remo and taking third place at the Giro di Lombardia. In 1919 he signed a new contract with Legnano-Pirelli and won the National Stayers Championship before taking second place at the Giro della Provincia Milano in 1920 and at Milano-Modena a year later. He seems to have retired as a professional rider at the end of 1921 but then came back in 1930 and 1931, by which time he was nearly 50 years old.

In 1920, Galetti began manufacturing bikes under his own name. The company was bought out in 1952, but 40 years after his Giro victories and three years after his death the Galetti name remained sufficiently familiar for new owners Alessi to retain it; they also went through the catalogues and put machines designed by Galetti himself back into production. Now known as New Galetti, it's still in operation today and produces a range of bikes including a highly desirable hardtail MTB, city and kids models and a stunningly attractive fixie.

Chris Boardman
Born in Hoylake, Great Britain on this day in 1968, Chris Boardman started racing when he was 13. By the time he was 16, he'd been selected for the National Cycling Team ("I was going to the World Championships and getting an absolute kicking," he says) and won the Road Time Trials Council's George Herbert Stancer 10-mile Championship and beaten the British Junior's 25-mile record. Two years later, he won the Junior 25-mile Championship.

Chris Boardman

Boardman was purely a time-trial specialist, excelling in that one discipline but lacking the ability to compete at the top level of cycling in other types of race. Nevertheless, he was so good in time trial that he was in high demand among the professional teams that competed in the Grand Tours and signed to Roger Legeay's Gan in 1993. The following year, he went to the Tour de France and set a record that still stands for the fastest prologue, recording an average speed of 55.152kph. As only he and Robert Millar had been the only cyclists to enjoy a high profile among the non-cycling public since Tom Simpson, he was widely predicted to be a future Tour winner despite his insistence that he could not win due to his poor performances in the mountains. The following year saw him crash and abandon in the Prologue, then in 1996 with the Prologue raced in heavy rain he was unable to perform as well a expected and was beaten by Alex Zülle. He then won the Prologue in 1997 and 1998, but in both years later crashed and abandoned.

Cycling had been extensively modernised by Boardman's era - the soigneurs of old, some of them with methods that were apparently based more on withcraft than science, had long gone. New materials, lightweight and strong, were replacing parts that had been drilled to replace weight and carbon fibre allowed manufacturers to introduce new machines that looked like they came from a hundred years in the future when compared to those of a decade before. Boardman embraced every advance, being one of the first to rely heavily on heart-rate monitors, performance meters and any scientific discovery that might offer a marginal gain; even going to far as to install an altitude tent (similar to an oxygen tent, but with a low-oxygen atmosphere to mimic the air at high altitiude) at his home - he said it had little effect other than to increase his concentration. For this reason, he earned the nickname The Professor among his fellow cyclists. The best-known expression of this eagerness to accept new developments was his use of the revolutionary new Lotus 108 bike at the 1992 Olympics, which he rode to gold and a new World Record time of 4'24.496" and, one year later, to a new "best human effort" (ie, using a non-standard bike radically different to that used by Eddy Merckx in 1972) Hour Record of 52.270km when he beat the previous record set by Graeme Obree one week earlier.

The Lotus 108

Boardman was diagnosed with osteoporosis in 1998. As treatment required hormone replacement therapy to increase his testosterone levels - which is banned under anti-doping rules - he chose to forego treatment for two years with an aim of ending his career on a highpoint at the 2000 Olympics. However, the disease progressed more rapidly than he had hoped; after winning thirteen races during 1998 and 1999, he was unable to compete in the Games. Instead, he set a new official UCI Hour Record (using a standard bike) at 49.441km on the 27th of October in 2000, then retired. He later became technical adviser to the British national road and track teams and is today best known as a commentator and for his bike range, Boardman Elite.


Knud Enemark Jensen
Born in Aarhus, Denmark's second-largest city, on the 30th of November in 1936, Knud Enemark Jensen represented his nation at the 1960 Olympics in Rome. The team time trial at the Games took place on the 26th of August in conditions so hot that team mate Jorgen B. Jorgensen was forced to abandon with sunstroke during the first lap; if they lost another man, the entire team would automatically be disqualified. Jensen complained that he too felt ill and became so dizzy that remaining team mates Vagn Bangsborg and Niels Baunsof had to hold him upright, spraying cold water on him to try to keep him cool. He would not let the team down, so he did not give up.

After a while, Jensen looked a little steadier and Bangsborg let go. The moment he did so, Jensen crashed, hitting his head hard. He was then taken to a medical tent set up near the finish line where doctors diagnosed a probable fractured skull, but for some reason he was not taken to hospital. The tent, standing in direct sun all day, was already hot when the rider was taken in and it became hotter as the day went on. He died there that afternoon, having remained unconscious since the crash. Sometime later, the Danish team coach confessed to having given the riders a vasodilator, nicotinyl alcohol, and eye-witnessed claimed to have seen him swallow eight phenylisopropylamine tablets, fifteen amphetamines and a large amount of coffee before the race; yet his corpse was declared free of drugs when it was autopsied and the cause of death given as heatstroke. However, years later one of the three doctors that had carried out the process claimed that they had found amphetamines and "traces of several things" in Jensen's system.

Jensen's death, at least partially because it was captured by television cameras, was not in vain. The public were so shocked that athletes held up as the physical ideal we should strive to emulate were putting their health at risk in order to be able to win their events and, 64 years since Arthur Linton became the first athlete to have died as a result of doping (probably - his death was put down to typhoid, but most modern researchers believe it was due to drugs administered to him by notorious soigneur Choppy Warburton), the International Olympic Committee and UCI began to realise that they needed to act to control doping.


Gianni Da Ros

Gianni Da Ros

Gianni Da Ros, who was born in Pordenone on this day in 1986, showed a great deal of promise as junior when he won silver medals for the Team Pursuit and Individual Sprint at the Italian Nationals in 2004, then more in the Under-23 class three years later with gold medals for the same two events and a silver for the Scratch at the Open Balkan Championship. He then won the Tre Giorni Citta di Pordenone with Davide Cimoli in July 2008, which earned him a trainee contract with Liquigas starting from the 1st of August and a full professional contract for the following year.

He would never win as a professional, however. On the 11th of March 2009, while training with the team, he was arrested as part of a police investigation into a doping supply network. He and two other riders, Davide Lucato and Albinio Corrazin were subsequently found guilty and all three received bans - Lucato for eight years, Corrazin for two years and Da Ros for twenty years, the longest ban ever handed to a cyclist. On appeal, the court decided that while he was guilty of both using and supplying drugs and should, therefore, remained banned, twenty years was excessive as he had not been shown to have administered drugs to another person. It was reduced to four years and will expire in March 2013, but Da Ros has not yet given any indication that he plans to return to professional cycling.

Krekels in 2006

Jan Krekels
Born in Sittard on this day in 1947, Jan Krekels hoped to be selected for the Dutch team at the 1968 Olympics after winning a number of important races early in the season, but was informed that he hadn't made the grade - so, despite being tall and well-built, he rode himself to point of exhaustion at the mountainous Österreich-Rundfahrt in an attempt to change the selection panel's minds. He won, it worked and with his help the team won the Team Time Trial in Mexico City; a remarkable feat since their training had been limited to Limburg, where the highest point is 322.7m above sea level  - around 2,100m lower than Mexico City's mean altitude.

Following the Games, Krekels was offered a professional contract with Bic, where he could have ridden alongside Jacques Anquetil. However, he was a homely sort of character and worried that he'd be lonely because of his inability to speak French, so he elected to stay at home and continue riding for a succession of small Dutch and Belgian teams. In 1971 he won a stage at the Tour de Suisse, then finished in the top ten on five stages and won one (Stage 19) at the Tour de France,  which all suggests that he might have gone a long way had he have taken up Bic's offer. As things were, his career slowly but surely faded away. Krekels doesn't care, though - he set up a central heating business, made a good living from it and still lives in Liburg, not far from where he was born. He says he's happy and he looks it when he appears in public.


Henk Nijdam, born in Eelderwolde, Netherlands on this day in 1935, won the National Pursuit Championship in 1960, 1966 and 1967; the World Amateur Pursuit Championship in 1961; the World Elite Pursuit Championship in 1962; Stage 6 at the 1964 Tour de France; Stage 20 at the Tour and Stages 8, 10b and 16 at the Vuelta a Espana in 1966 and Stage 12 at the Vuelta in 1967. He was the father of Jelle Nijdam, who was born on the 16th of August 1963.

Arnaud Démare, born in France on this day in 1991, won the Under-23 World Road Race Championship in 2011. In 2012, he won the Vattenfall Cyclassics, Le Samyn and Cholet-Pays de Loire, stages at the Tour of Qatar and the Route du Sud and was fourth at Kuurne-Brussels-Kuurne.

Bob Mionske, born in Evanston, Illinois on this day in 1962, represented the USA at the Olympics in 1988 and 1992, coming fourth in the road race in 1988. In 1990, he became National Road Race Championship. Following his retirement from competition in 1993, Mionske trained in law and became qualified to practice as an attorney, then in 1999 opened his own firm - the first in the world to specialise in representing cyclists and cases involving what became known (after he coined the phrase) as "bicycle law," and in 2007 he wrote a book on he subject titled Bicycling & The Law, the first volume devoted to bicycle law since The Road Rights and Liabilities of Wheelmen of 1895.

Robert de Middeleir, born in Oordegem, Belgium on this day in 1938, won the Omloop Het Volk and was second at Kuurne-Brussels-Kuurne and the Brabantse Pijl in 1962.

Jan Nevens, born in Ninove, Belgium on this day in 1958, won Stage 6 at the 1986 Tour de Romandie

Émile Baffert, who was born in Grenoble on this day in 1924, won Stage 22 at the 1950 Tour de France.

Bart de Clercq, who was born in Zottegem, Belgium on this day in 1986, won Stage 7 at the 2011 Giro d'Italia.

Other cyclists born on this day: Jimmy Watkins (USA, 1982); Aurélien Clerc (Switzerland, 1979): Jørn Lund (Denmark, 1944); Frans van Looy (Belgium, 1950); Carsten Wolf (East Germany, 1964); Danilo Wyss (Switzerland, 1985); Ceferino Estrada (Mexico, 1945, died 2003); Regina Marunde (West Germany, 1968); Lindford Gillitt (Belize, 1964); Al Stiller (USA, 1923, died 2004); Aleksandr Shefer (Kazakhstan, 1971); Stein Bråthen (Norway, 1954); Yury Dmitriyev (USSR, 1946); Erich Arndt (Germany, 1911); Han Shuxiang (China, 1965); Lucien Faucheux (France, 1899, died 1980); Yordan Penchev (Bulgaria, 1956); Ventura Díaz (Spain, 1937).